Function Prototypes in C and C++

Function Prototypes in C and C++ A function prototype is a declaration in C and C of a function, its name, parameters and return type  before its actual declaration. This enables the compiler to perform more robust type checking. Because the function prototype tells the compiler what to expect, the compiler is better able to flag any functions that dont contain the expected information. A function prototype omits the function body. Unlike a full function definition, the prototype terminates in a semi-colon. For example: intgetsum(float * value) ; Prototypes are most often used in header files- although they could appear anywhere in a program. This allows external functions in other files to be called and the compiler to check the parameters during compilation. Purposes A function prototype ensures that calls to a function are made with the correct number and types of arguments.A function prototype specifies the number of arguments.It states the data type of each of the passed arguments.It gives the order in which the arguments are passed to the function. The function prototype tells the compiler what to expect, what to give to the function and what to expect from the function. Benefits Prototypes save debugging time.Prototypes prevent problems that occur when you compile using functions that were not declared.When function overloading occurs, the prototypes distinguish which function version to call.

Free Online Writing Courses

Free Online Writing Courses Whether you want to become a famous novelist or just make your way through college English, these free online writing courses and journalism courses can help. Learn the basics of English grammar, the poetic form, strategies for journalists, and how to make your business documents stand out from the crowd. StoryMind (Dramatica) With over a hundred short videos, this course takes fiction writers through the process of creating characters, framing action, focusing on a theme, developing their plot, and writing for a specific audience. English Writing and Composition (Arizona State University)   In this 8-week introductory English class, you’ll learn the basics of academic writing and set yourself up for a successful college career.   NewsU (Poynter) This highly-respected journalism organization offers quite a few free online courses in addition to their paid options. Free courses include: â€Å"Core Skills for the 21st Century Journalist,† â€Å"Covering Islam in America,† â€Å"Covering Poverty in the Suburbs,† â€Å"Document Mining,† and more. Writing for Young Readers: Opening the Treasure Chest ​ With assignments, video lectures, and interviews with well-known authors, aspiring children’s authors will love this course. Figure out your own writing identity, develop the structure of your work, learn editing basics, and consider your publishing options. You’ll finish the course with a handful of writing samples ready to become your portfolio. High Impact Business Writing   If you’re looking to up your game in the workplace, this no-nonsense business writing course can help. Learn how to create the most commonly used business documents, edit your work, and even effectively communicate through social media. Sharpened Visions: A Poetry Workshop ​(California Institute of the Arts) Poets (and aspiring poets) will appreciate this free online course’s emphasis on craft. Learn how to follow the rules of poetry†¦then learn how to break them. Throughout this 7-part course, you’ll discover dozens of hands-on tools to make your own work better. Crafting an Effective Writer: Tools of the Trade (Mt. Saint Jacinto College)   If you want to start from the beginning (or just need a refresher), this is the course for you. Learn the various parts of speech, the uses of subjects and verbs, and the ways that phrases and clauses can combine to create compelling sentences. This 5-unit course will help you understand how a solid grasp of English grammar can dramatically improve your writing.

No need for topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

No need for topic - Assignment Example To justify racial discrimination, skin color was considered as an important qualification for members to fit into a certain group in the civil society. South America and South Africa were subjected to long periods of slavery and segregation based on race. Comparative history in America shows that the North and South regions differed greatly in their outlook toward slavery. American sectional conflict was experienced as the conflicting interests between the South and the North became evident over the debate about slavery. The North was known for its development and high profits earned from cotton farming while the South blamed Northern exaggeration in economic exploitation for their backwardness. However, the North considered slavery to be the stumbling block to South’s development. From 1830, the debate about slavery hardened between the two sections with the South defending it by saying that it benefited the Negroes (Frederickson 156). On the contrary, the Northerners argued that it was inhumane to violate human rights through subjecting them to bondage, repression and brutality inherent in slavery. The aggression between the two sections over slavery led to an antislavery movement in the American revolution that led to the abolishment of African slave trade by the congress. According to Douglass (Para 4), 4th of July is the day for celebration of independence and political freedom for the United States from colonialism. It reminds them of the acts, memories and the wonderful tell signs associated with liberation from colonial rule. The attainment and celebration was the beginning of a new life in the United States because it gave citizens the civil rights and freedom opportunity to participate in the building of the young American state. The term river is used to mean people’s actions, which may improve the well being of the society if positively initiated. On the other hand, if executed under fury

The global financial crisis-Brand management Essay

The global financial crisis-Brand management - Essay Example One strategy that the companies can use to maintain the unique value of their brands during global financial crisis is by engaging the customers as during these economic downturns excellent opportunities for innovation are provided (Roll, pp6). Customers cut down on consumption during financial crises, thus brands can initiate measures that take off their minds from the difficulties of consumption and focus them on the worthy features of the brand and co-create value with them. This strategy also helps minimize loses and more importantly, it successfully protects the companies brand image and brand equity. Singapore Airlines is a company that perfectly used this strategy to maintain the value of its unique brand. During the deadly SARS breakout in South East Asia when customers were afraid of flying, Singapore Airlines offered its customers very innovative vacation packages that encouraged customers to travel thus maintaining their status (Roll, pp7). Creating exciting customer interactions through activities such as product bundling to enhance value and promotions with creative alliances such as celebrities and travelling can also be used to maintain the unique value of a brand during such situations. This strategy takes off the focus of the customers on price and reiterates the commitment of the brand to engage and value customer support (Gelder, p102) Although this paper has discussed two strategies to be used during such situations, there are other strategies that are equally viable. Financial upheavals negatively impact the trust of customers on a brand. Therefore, during such situations it is the responsibility of the companies to devise new strategies that can maintain the trust of their customers on their brands. Brand differentiation is a very important strategy in today’s competitive market where new products are coming in everyday. In

Major differences between the two theories Essay Example for Free

Major differences between the two theories Essay The obviously notable difference between Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Beck’s cognitive theory is the bias that each has towards behavior. For instance, Bandura’s model is more behavioral, whereas Beck’s model is inclined towards psychotherapy or seems to provide psychological solutions to problems. The social cognitive theory (by Bandura) is presented in an agentic perspective. It explains why people exhibit differences in self-organization, being proactive, participation in self-reflection, and in self-regulation (Bandura, 1986). In essence, the theory does not just show that human beings have different capabilities, it also shows that other factors such as the environment play a major role in shaping behaviorism (Bandura, 1986). The theory further describes human beings as producers as well as products of what they make (the proverb manners maketh man should be true). Bandura’s theory also gives the socio cognitive aspects of human beings, for example, why they act in particular manners and what elicits such behavior. Additionally, the theory also gives reasons why the human nature is vast in terms of capabilities and how humanity is fashioned by direct and observational experience that is integrated in a variety of forms. In contradistinction, Beck’s theory gives a picture of the phenomena underlying dysfunctional beliefs (Beck, 1976). This theory does not just describe personality, but provides solutions to psychological problems. This is achieved by the model’s blow-by-blow analysis of the casual agents of depression and how depression can be remedied (Beck, 1976). Beck’s theory seems to give mediation approach in solving psychological problems by encouraging patients to be participants of the problem solving process rather than passive and helpless respondents. Another difference between the two theories is the triad used in each of the theories, which forms the basis of the entire illustrations and discussions. Bandura’s model is a triad with behavior, environmental factors and personal determinants as the main elements. On the other hand, Beck’s cognitive model consists of behavior, antecedent events and consequences (Beck, 1976; Beck, 1998). The triads may seem to portray a similarity between the two models but in real sense they exhibit differences since the explanation of how the elements in the triads affect each other or act on their own is slightly different. For instance, in Bandura’s theory, the description of how the factors in the triad affect each other revolves around cause and effect. One of the factors, such as the environment is implied to be a cause (or a factor that determines) of behavior. Thus, there is emphasis on reciprocal determinism. On the other hand, Beck’s triadic illustration of the factors that shape personality and character is influenced by the person (self), the world and the future. In this context, it is evident that personality is affected not just by behavior but also by other events that occur in life. In fact, Beck (1976) describes the person (self) as the main source of ideas to solve depression problems with reference to the world and anticipation of a better future. Conclusion Bandura’s Cognitive Theory and Beck’s Cognitive Theory seem to have more similarities in that they describe personality and the factors shape it. Many elements described in each theory’s triad show convergence in meaning. Major differences between the two models lie in the description of the models. While Bandura’s model is inclined towards behaviorism, Beck’s model provides an explanation of psychological dysfunctions and possible remedies. References Bandura A. (2006). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine Transaction. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman Company Bandura, A. (1986).Social foundations of thoughts and action: A social cognitive theory. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Professional Technical. Bandura, A. (1976) Social learning theory. New York: Prentice Hall Bandura, A. (1971). Psychological modeling: Conflicting theories. Chicago: Aldine- Atherton. Beck, A. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy emotional disorders. NY: International Universities Press. Beck, A. (1998). The Integrative Power of Cognitive Therapy. New York: Guilford Press.

History as Scourge :: essays research papers

History as Scourge How truly the wisest of men used to assert that the souls of despots, if revealed, would show wounds and mutilations – weals left on the spirit, like lash-marks on a body, by cruelty, lust, and malevolence. Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome. Penguin Group. Translation by Michael Grant, 1996 ed. Pg. 202   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tacitus wielded his history like a scourge, excoriating the corruption of emperors and populous alike, attempting to revise the fictions of earlier histories and chart the decay of Roman values and virtue in the early Empire. The end of the Republic in 31 BC was, for Tacitus, the end of freedom and equality in the Roman state. Though he idealized the republic as the embodiment of Roman values and virtue, Tacitus had no illusions, fully recognizing that it was irretrievably lost. The histories of Rome’s emperors after Augustus were, according to Tacitus, tainted by flattery. Venerating the old republic, Tacitus sought to strip away the concealment of earlier historians, revealing emperors and aristocrats as transgressors against Roman values. Tacitus’ view of the purpose of the historian was shaped by his determination to truthfully illuminate the moral character of his subjects. While we may be uncertain with regard to some of the specific events of The Annals, we are quite certain of the actors as they cross the stage. Tacitus leaves us with no doubt about who was virtuous and who was corrupt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tacitus portrays the emperor Tiberius as a cunning and ambiguous figure, though Tacitus went to great lengths to resolve the emperors’ uncertain qualities as further evidence of corruption and excess. Tiberius suffers in comparison with his adoptive son, Germanicus. Tacitus always casts Germanicus in a positive light, praising his virtues, comparing him favorably to Alexander the Great who Germanicus surpassed, â€Å"in clemency, self-control, and every other good quality.† In elevating Germanicus to such heights, even raising the possibility that he might have restored the old republic, Tacitus denigrates Tiberius who is cast as scarcely able to conceal his delight at the death of his popular heir. In his final assessment of Tiberius, Tacitus maps the trajectory of his decline into corruption in proportion to his growing power.

Types of Equipment Essay

1.1 Identify different types of equipment and their uses There are many different types of office equipment. The main ones found in most offices are: Chair – To sit on Desk – To sit at and rest Computer Monitor – pens – work etc. Also for storage. Telephone – To contact p Desk – It can be different size or shape depending of office needs. High Tec Telephone – It could be hand free set or just have different features such as: answering machine, calls on hold, address book and match more. High Tec Printer – It could include all in one functions, such as: scanner – scan from both sides printer – print color, print both sides, staple, print different sizes and different formats. photocopier – copy color, both sides, staple, can be zoomed in/out produce high volumes of printouts/copies very quickly File Cabinets – Different size for different office needs, can also be draws and be protected with lock. File trays – Can be the size for filing cabinets or good size for the use on my desc, also could be attached to walls for different paperwork. Computer – Can be with different size of screen, can be adjusted for ergonomic needs. Also could be portable. 1.3 Explain why different types of equipment are chosen for tasks Any equipment I choose will make the task take up as little as your time as possible so I could meet targets and deadlines, and also the equipment that can help me to complete the task to the best standard. Also not one piece of equipment can do everything, so it means I would need various types of office equipment to complete the task. An example of making a poster, I probably would use my computer, printer and laminator. 2: Understand the purpose of following instructions and health and safety procedures 2.1 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions when using equipment The purpose to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the following reasons: Failureto do so can invalidate the warranty of the piece of equipment – this could be very expensive for your company. The manufacturer knows the likely problemsand sets out the instructions to help you findthe solution in the quickest way possible. Following the instructions means that everyone will follow aset procedure. The engineer will thenbe able to work out what you have done andin whatorder. 2.2 Explain the purpose of following organisational instructions when using equipment Failure to follow organisational instructions can result damage or injury, or even failure to get the proper outcome from using the equipment. It is important that I produce my work to best possible way to meet requirements  of the person who set the task. This shows I’m responsible and I can be relied upon to get things done. I will also needto be aware oforganisationalprocedures relating tosolvingequipment problems.This isbecause they may: set out who I must inform of the problem  give instructions as to who is and is not allowed to take action limit what staff may do 2.3 Identify health and safety procedures for using different types of equipment I must make myself aware of the potential hazards of any operation I may carry out, or any equipment I may use. In addition I must be aware of self operating rules, working procedures, instructions etc. I must not interfere with any item of equipment I’m not duly authorised to use it or maintain. I must use the right equipment for the job and keep the equipment tidy and in good working condition. I must use suitable safety equipment if needed. I must report any faults or damage to relevant staff or my Line Manager immediately. 2.4 Explain the purpose of following health and safety procedures when using equipment To stay healthy and safe. To avoid injury. To prevent or at least limit harm to people around me. To protect equipment and facilities. To get the most accurate results from the equipment 2.5 Explain the purpose of keeping equipment clean and hygienic The purpose is for equipment to run faster and more efficiently. The standards are no dust on the machinery and also to keep it at a reasonable temperature. Also it is important to keep it clean and hygienic which means it is free from dirt, germ and bacteria. for example, food and drink should be kept well away from any equipment in case anything get knocked over and causes damage. if you spill something over or near a piece of equipment you should clean it up straight away. 3: Understand how to use equipment in a way that minimises waste 3.1 Give examples of waste when using equipment An example of waste when using office equipment is when most of employees leave their computers on standby all night. Even when though it is on standby, they are still using electricity. Also printing out multiple copies of documents to find that there are spelling mistakes so they will need to be discarded as waste. 3.2 Give examples of ways to reduce waste There are many ways that a company can cut down on waste, they can do things like double sided printing, double checking work before printing and doing a test print before printing out multiple documents will cut down waste of paper and ink. 3.3 Explain the purpose of minimising waste Keeping waste to a minimum in the business environment serves the same purposes it does everywhere else: it decreases the amount of waste a business contributes to the environment Reducing waste is key to minimizing an individual’s or business’s environmental impact by reducing air and water pollution and limiting the amount of material that ends up in landfills. Reducing waste can also serve to save a business money. By enacting plans that conserve materials, they will inevitably cut down on the amount of materials they need to purchase. Likewise, any attempt to reduce carbon emissions inevitably relies on a reduction of energy use, which means less money spent on electricity and fuel. The advantage of applying waste minimization principles in a business environment is that it impacts a larger number of people than would applying them in one’s home. Such  actions can also serve to improve a business’s image. 4: Know about the different types of problems that may occur when using equipment and how to deal with them 4.1 Give examples of equipment problems There are many things that can go wrong when using office equipment such as: paper jams, most of the time it can be easily solved, but there might be times when have to be reported and have to call out engineer, as paper could be in one of the operating units where I wouldn’t be able to access it, or it could also be a damage of the unit. network connection problems, if it goes on for some time, I would have to report it to our IT team to take a look at it. running out of toner/ink when using the printer/scanner/photocopier, this can be easily solved by replacing toner/ink units. 4.2 Explain the purpose of following manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures when dealing with problems It is important follow manufacturer’s instructions and organisational procedures as servicing faulty equipment can be very expensive, and not following instructions often results in a problem. The more problems are caused, the more money company have to spend and it also affects work quality, as equipment fault or even breakdown can delay my work deadlines. The company I work for have to follow established procedures to operate efficiently. 4.3 Give examples of how to deal with problems Example of my computer being crashed – Make sure my documents are set to auto-save every 10 minutes to prevent loss of work I’ve done. Example of a printer, my printed document is smudged – The ink cartridge is running low and it needs to be replaced. The paper jam – Manually remove the jammed paper from the printer. Always follow the instructions given on the printer screen, open printer in correct order. 5: Understand the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines 5.1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipment A goodexample of the importance ofmeeting work standards when usingoffice equipment concerns the use of company email.Most office staff use email regularlythroughout the dayto contact other members of staff, as well as external customers and suppliers and dealers. There are company standards on the use of email which will indicate the correct language to be used – slang, text speak and bad language are never acceptable when emailing at work. The use of personal email during work times will also be subject to limits and will almost certainly bemonitored. Companies can and do monitor staff use of email usingspecial softwareprograms which will flag up certain words orphrases – so, be aware, and never assumeanything I put in an email is private. The company I work for always have deadlines by which certain tasks must be completed. Deadlines areimportant for staff as they tell them when things need to becompleted in order that the business can meet its KPI’s ( targets ). 6: Understand the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user 6.1 Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user Whenever I finish using officeequipment it is important that you leave the work area exactly asyou found it. This means: I can’t leave any mess lying around I can’t leave the workarea insuch away that someone else has to clear up after you before they can begin usingthe equipment. Imagine that I had to print 100 copies of a attachments for payslips. When you arrive at the printer ready to collect your printouts, I find that my  work is all mixed up with someone else’s, which has simply been left on the printer. This examplehighlights the point that takingcare totidy away aftermyself is a necessary partof working with othersand sharing equipment. If everyone simply left their work lying around, it would not be long before the whole office was totallyunusable.

Garden Report Essay

The Garden Depot, a family-owned floral company, carries a larger variety of floral, gardening and lawn-care products with sales and profits growing. Janice bowman has 13 years of operational knowledge in the industry as office manager in the company. She is responsible for inventory management, computer system management and logistics. Derek Sinclair, the son-in-law of the Depot owner, is the landscaping manager with no experience in management. However, the operation is not smooth in the organization that faced several issues such as lobar force, communication and synchronization. They both have responsibility for the depot, and have to get rid of problems to benefit the company. The company did not have enough permanent skillful and reliable workforce, but only seasonal employees, therefore 50 landscaping jobs could be completed each year, which were fewer than what was demanded. Most of employees were part-time student workers lacking of experience. In addition, a family member who had poor and inappropriate leadership was appointed as landscaping manager. And his irresponsible attitude might have bad impact on moral of stuff. Furthermore, the job responsibilities were not defined, and there were no specialized department to solve the specific problems. The improper recruitment and lack of supervision cause the organization attained unstable and unreliable workforce. This demonstrates a lack of fit between organization process and people as police for recruiting and supervising employees. Moreover, Sinclair had low expertise knowledge on landscaping area, which resulted that he could not answer the customers’ specific question, and he had no qualification and business handling capabilities to solve complex issue. This follows EOPT theory because there is a lack of fit between people and tasks. Whereas having no job description and departmentalization in the organization resulted in the consequence that employees confused about their job. This applies to EOPT theory because there is a lack of fit between organization structure and people. The goal for the Garden Depot is to establish stable and reliable workforces to increase work proficiency. In long term, the organization should ensure job responsibilities defined in every level of the organization, and deploy individual departments to solve any problems to make customers happy. The first alternative is to reevaluate all the stuff and build a formal appraisal system to supervise employee’s performances, which can help the company to build a stable and reliable workforce. The second alternative will be training Sinclair be a competent manager. If the company wants to keep Sinclair as the landscaping manager, this action alternative is necessary. The last alternative course of action is to create a proper job description and deploy specific departments such as HR department, marketing department, customers departments and inventory departments in order to solve the related issues. The best alternative is to create a formal job description and divide specific departments. First, Sampson should divide the whole organization into four departments HR department, marketing department, inventory department and customer services department. Next, creating job description for every position should be done as soon as possible. Then department supervisors ought to reevaluate employees and put them in the right departments depending on their specialty. Finally, the department supervisor should hand in a process report to managers every month to show their work. If Departmentalization causes lack of communication among individual departments, general manager should have a meeting with all department supervisors once a week.

Police and Discretion Essay Example

Police and Discretion Essay Example Police and Discretion Essay Police and Discretion Essay Police Discretion Police discretion is freedom or the power of state officers to exercise various alternative actions towards a person. A police officer may choose to give a warning, issue a ticket of violation or arrest an offender. Not all circumstances allow police to have discretion. According to a research by Carrington and Schulenber (2004), various factors affect police discretion. These factors include the seriousness and the nature of the crime, prior contacts with the police, injury to the victim, presence of a weapon, the relationship between the victim and the apprehended youth, group crime, age, and sex (Carrington Schulenber, 2004). They found out that the police charged 86 percent of the youths found in robbery case, murder among other serious crimes. External and  internal  mechanisms that affect police discretion One of the mechanisms that  influence  police discretion is the lack of consensuses on what criminal behaviors the police should exercise  discretion. First, there are no clear legal definitions of the offenses where  discretion  will apply. The  community  may not be able to  interpret  the laws in the same way as the legislatures. Secondly, there are no laws within the police force to  control  use of police discretion. Police exercise  discretion  differently. Apart from these factors, legal measures also affected police discretion. Thirdly, the close interaction between communities and the police influence  discretion. This allows for corruption within the police force. Solutions to improving police discretion It is not possible to eliminate police discretion. The best way to improve police discretion is the use of controlling mechanisms. Such  include  implementation of laws, policies and procedures on the use of discretion. The  establishment  and implementing of the Youth Offenders Act has influenced police discretion (Bergen, 2005). The Act has profoundly regulated police discretion. Secondly, there is a need to  establish  legislature on â€Å"zero tolerance offenses† Strict measures regarding the use of firearms by the police should be enacted. According to Bergen, further  promotion  an  education  of the police will  improve  police discretion. Curbing corruption among the police officers is  necessary  in regulating police  freedom.

1984 Quotes Explained

1984 Quotes Explained George Orwells novel Nineteen Eighty-Four was written as a response to what he saw as the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian thinking in the world both before and after World War II. Orwell foresaw how the combination of control over information (such as the constant editing of documents and photos under Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union) and constant efforts at thought control and indoctrination (such as that practiced under Chairman Mao’s ‛cultural revolution’ in China) could result in a surveillance state. He set out to demonstrate his fears with the novel that has permanently changed the way we discuss the subject of freedom, giving us words like ‛Thoughtcrime’ and phrases like ‛Big Brother is watching you.’ Quotes About Control of Information Winston Smith works for the Ministry of Truth, where he alters the historical record to match the Party’s propaganda. Orwell understood that control of information without the objective check on such power provided by a free press would allow governments to essentially change reality. In the end the Party would announce that two and two made five, and you would have to believe it. It was inevitable that they should make that claim sooner or later: the logic of their position demanded it ... And what was terrifying was not that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four? Or that the force of gravity works? Or that the past is unchangeable? If both the past and the external world exist only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable†¦what then? Orwell took inspiration from a real event in Russia where the communist party celebrated reaching a production goal in four years instead of five by proclaiming that the workers had made 225. In this quote he notes that we only ‛know’ things that have been taught to us, and thus our reality can be changed. In Newspeak there is no word for Science. Newspeak is the most crucial concept in the novel. It is a language designed to make disagreement with the Party impossible. This goal is achieved by eliminating all vocabulary and grammatical constructions that could be construed as critical or negative. For example, in Newspeak, the word bad does not exist; if you wanted to call something bad, you would have to use the word ungood. Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in ones mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. Doublethink is another important concept Orwell explores in the novel, because it makes the Party members complicit in their own oppression. When one is able to believe two conflicting things to be true, truth ceases to have any meaning outside what the state dictates. Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past. People represent history through their own memories and identities. Orwell is careful to note the vast generation gap opening up in Oceania; the children are enthusiastic members of the Thought Police, but the older people like Winston Smith retain memories of the time before, and thus must be treated like all history- altered by force if possible, eliminated and erased if not. Quotes About Totalitarianism Orwell used Nineteen Eighty-Four to explore the dangers of authoritarianism and totalitarian forms of government. Orwell was deeply suspicious of the tendency of governments to become self-perpetuating oligarchies, and he saw how easily people’s worst tendencies could be subverted to the will of an authoritarian regime. â€Å"A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people ... turning one even against ones will like an electric current, turning one even against ones will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic.† One technique Orwell explores is directing the unavoidable fear and anger experienced by the population away from the Party and the state. In the modern world, authoritarian demagogues often direct this anger towards immigrant groups and other ‛outsiders.’ â€Å"Sexual intercourse was to be looked on as a slightly disgusting minor operation, like having an enema. This again was never put into plain words, but in an indirect way it was rubbed into every Party member from childhood onwards.† This quote demonstrates how the state has invaded even the most private aspects of life, dictating sexual mores and controlling the most intimate aspects of daily life through misinformation, peer pressure, and direct thought control. â€Å"All beliefs, habits, tastes, emotions, mental attitudes that characterize our time are really designed to sustain the mystique of the Party and prevent the true nature of present-day society from being perceived.† Orwell cleverly makes Emmanuel Goldstein’s book an accurate explanation of totalitarianism. Goldsteins book, Goldstein himself, and The Brotherhood may well be part of a ruse created by the Party to snare would-be rebels like Winston and Julia; nevertheless, the book lays out how a totalitarian government sustains its hold on power, in part by controlling outward expression, which has a direct effect on inward thought. Quotes About Destruction of the Self In the novel, Orwell is warning us about the ultimate goal of such governments: The absorption of the individual into the state. In democratic societies, or at least one which have a sincere respect for democratic ideals, the individual’s right to their beliefs and opinions is respected- indeed, it’s the foundation of the political process. In Orwell’s nightmare vision, therefore, the key goal of the Party is destruction of the individual. The thought police would get him just the same. He had committedwould have committed, even if he had never set pen to paperthe essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime was not a thing that could be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they were bound to get you. Thoughtcrime is the essential concept of the novel. The idea that simply thinking something contrary to what the Party has decreed to be true is a crime- and then convincing people that its revelation was inevitable- is a chilling, terrifying idea that requires people to self-edit their thoughts. This, combined with Newspeak, makes any sort of individual thought impossible. For an instant he was insane, a screaming animal. Yet he came out of the blackness clutching an idea. There was one and only one way to save himself. He must interpose another human being, the body of another human being, between himself and the rats. ... Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I dont care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me! Winston initially endures his torture with desolate resignation, and holds onto his feelings for Julia as a final, private, untouchable part of his inner self. The Party is uninterested in merely getting Winston to recant or confess- it wishes to completely destroy his sense of self. This final torture, based on a primal fear, accomplishes this by making Winston betray the one thing he had left of his private self.

Media planning and strategy From Audi A1 to the Audi A1 Sportback Essay

Media planning and strategy From Audi A1 to the Audi A1 Sportback - Essay Example Audi’s ‘innovation’ and ‘engineering excellence’ has overtaken BMW and Mercedes in term of reputation. The decisive measure of marketing attainment is the commercial success of the brand. Over the last 25 years, the Audi’s Sales have amplified tremendously. Value sales have increased by 1,325% and Volume sales have gone up by 452% and Audi is the only one to increase its share in the market at this rate. People have become adapted to the repetitive use of the expression, the ‘information society’, to describe the current era. This is the age of information and the rate of access to information is accelerating day by day. Every day people are exposed to a large number of information in the form of advertisement mainly from the television, newspapers and internet. A human brain can manage a certain amount of information, so not all the information humans get exposed to be processed (Kelley, 2004). Different people are attracted to different information; this attraction is based on needs and desires. For this reason every organization targets a special target audience, who are persuaded to buy a product or a service. This is a digitally driven and networked society, media strategies are changing at an accelerating pace, and the internet has become a great tool of media consumption these days. Laptops, Smart phones and continues connectivity to the internet has provided hug e opportunities to the advertisers’ to convey their messages to the masses (Gail, 2007). The above graph is a comparison of brand measure â€Å"innovative models† between Audi, BMW and Mercedes. The graph clearly shows that Audi is increasingly adapting new and innovative techniques resulting in more innovating models. People consume a huge amount of media every day via radio, television, computer and mobile phones. According to a research it is estimated that the flow of information through different media