Computational Complexity and the Origin of Universals :: Mathematics Mathematical Philosophy Papers

Computational Complexity and the Origin of UniversalsABSTRACT This paper establishes close relationships mingled with underlying problems in the philosophical and numeric theories of headland. It reviews the numeral concepts of intelligence, including pattern recognition algorithms, neural networks and rule systems. Mathematical difficulties manifest as combinatorial complexity of algorithms be related to the roles of a priori knowledge and adaptive learning, the same issues that have shaped the two-thousand year old debate on the origins of the familiar concepts of mind. Combining philosophical and mathematical analyses enables tracing latest mathematical difficulties to the contradiction between Aristotelian logic and Aristotelian theory of mind (Forms). Aristotelian logic is shown to be the culprit for the current mathematical difficulties. I will also discuss connections to Gdels theorems. The conclusion is that fuzzy logic is a fundamental requirement for combining adapt ivity and apriority. Relating the mathematical and philosophical helps clarifying both and helps analyzing future research directions of the mathematics of intelligence. I. Introduction Mathematics and PhilosophyThe two-thousand year old debate on the origins of universal concepts of mind was about the roles of adaptivity or learning from experience vs. the a priori knowledge (the inborn or God-given). It is closely related to the epistemological problem of the origins of knowledge. The problem of combining adaptivity and a-priority is fundamental to computational intelligence as well as to understanding human intelligence. There is an interrelationship among concepts of mind in mathematics, psychology, and philosophy, which is much closer than currently apprehension among scientists and philosophers of today. From the contemporary point of view, the questions about mind posed by ancient philosophers are astonishingly scientific. A central question to the work of Plato, Aristotle, Avicenna, Maimonides, Aquinas, Occam, and Kant was the question of the origins of universal concepts. Are we born with a priori knowledge of concepts or do we acquire this knowledge adaptively by learning from experience? This question was central to the work of ancient philosophers, medieval theologists, and it was equally important to theories of Freud, Jung, and Skinner. The different answers they gave to this question are very similar to the answers given by McCulloch, Minsky, Chomsky and Grossberg.When 2300 years ago Plato faced a posit to explain our ability to conceptualize, he concluded that concepts are of a priori origin. The philosophy based on the transcendental, a priori reality of concepts was named realism. During the following 2000 years the concept of a-priority was hugely strengthened by the development of monotheistic religion in Europe, to the extent that it interfered with empirical studies.

Alice Walker’s Short Story Everyday Use Essay -- essays research paper

Alice Walkers Short Story Everyday Use In Alice Walkers briefly story Everyday Use, tells us a story of two daughters, Dee and Maggie Johnson, with different ideas about their identities and values. Dee a young woman who, in the course of a bid to the rural home she thinks she has outgrown, attempts unsuccessfully to divert some fine old quilts ,earmarked for the dowry of a infant, into her own hands. Dee is Mrs. Johnsons oldest daughter, the one who has always been determined, popular, and successful. Maggie is her young sister who was severely burned in the house fire as a child. She is still lives with her mother in poverty, putting priceless objects to everyday use. A equivalent view is expressed by Houston Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, who writes, A scarred and dull Maggie, who has been kept at home and confined to everyday offices, has but one response to the fiery and vivacious arrival of her sister.Dee despises her sister, her mother and the church that helped to ed ucate her. She is selfish, and walker focuses the readers growing dislike for the heroine in her indifference to Maggie, the pathetic sister she seems prepared to ignore in a kind of moral triage. Maggie represents the multitude of black women who must suffer while the occasional lucky sister escapes the ghetto. mammy conjectures thatMaggie will be nervous until after her sister goes she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, e...

Of Miracles by David Hume Essays -- Empiricists, Empiricism

Of Miracles by David HumeIn David Hume?s paper ?Of Miracles,? Hume presents a confused number of arguments concerning why people ought non to intrust in any miracles. Hume does not think that miracles do not exist it is just that we should not believe in them because they halt no rational background. One of his arguments is just by definition miracles are unbelievable. And have no rational means in accept miracles. Another argument is that most miracles campaign to come from uncivilized countries and the witnesses typically have conflicts of interest and counterdict each others experiences. Both of these arguments are valid however they tend to be weak. I think that Hume?s strongest argument is that he claims there is no credibility to the testimony so-and-so the miracles. In Hume?s argument he says ?that there is no testimony for any, even those which have not been expressly detected, that is not opposed by an infinite number of witnesses so that not except the miracle destroys the credit of the testimony, but the testimony destroys itself.? To make this clear Hume uses religious matters. Many religions use miracles as a foundation. ?Every miracle, therefor, pretended to have been wrought in any of these religions as its direct scope is to establish the particular system to which it is attributed so has it the same force, though bore indirectly, to overthrow every other system.? If the miracles take heed to destroy a system, a religion, it destroys the credit of the miracles themselves, and the system in which they were established. Since most religions are based on miracles and try to destroy each other with inverse miracles and then we as humans have no reasoning on which miracle to believe in. Therefore what I ... ...may not be any rationality behind the miracles its just something mankind must do. I do not know what Hume?s reaction would be to this kind of an argument but I am sure he would find something wrong about it and lead us to believe that miracles are still something that people ought not believe in. Miracles do happen. They have happened in the past and will remain occurring in the future. The question is not whether or not miracles exist, but whether we should believe in them or not. Hume discusses, in ?Of Miracles,? more reasons why we should not believe in such miracles for various reasons. However I have made a counter argument of Hume?s in saying that we must believe in miracles and if we do not have any faith that they are true then society would fail and not develop. Miracles are something that exist and are something that we have to believe in.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies Creative EssayThere are many lessons of humane nature to be learned from the novel Lord of the Flies the book explores many aspects of human nature and society as a whole. We know this is unmistakable because the book stirs a variety of human emotions for the reader. The implications of Lord of the Flies go far beyond these few small children being abandoned on a dessert island, it discovers the defects of the mind and our human nature in order to explain our actions in society. Human fear stems from the unknown, which leads to terror and often irrational behavior notwithstanding as the children on the island experienced fear, the island became an evil place as if a beast had been unleashed. We later learn that the fear of the unknown causes humans to release their own devils from within. In effect, their world isnt so different from the one we live in now.I find it ironic that the very person who interrupted the childrens sick man-hunt of Ralph, will sire the children to his ship, which will then hunt the enemy in the very same fashion. Society is no better than the children who are stuck on the island and showing their violent attributes. However, these children were saved, completely to be exposed to the exact same situation on a greater level. The entire time the boys were stuck on that terrifying island they were wishing for an adult to devolve and release them from it. Who then will rescue this individual and save him from the terrors of the world? There is also a political system on the island just as there is in our society. Ralph is the childrens elected representative. He appoints hunters (or an army in our case) and a leader to this group on the island. He also appoints quite a little to look after the fire, people to get water, to get food and make shelters (political heads). They also have an age of importance on the island, they can distinguish a minor from their physique of an adult just like us. In this way the island is run in an orderly fashion. However, as in most political systems there are people who will oppose the decisions made by their representative. Jack is this leader of anarchy on the island. He drives this toward Ralph like people in society would protest or go on strike.

Where Have You Gone, Joshua Chamberlain? :: Free Essays Online

Where Have You Gone, Joshua Chamberlain? To some, it may be considered a minor inconvenience. To others, a drawn-out ordeal with annoying aspects, but one they overhear will be completed shortly. Yet to some, to a select, elite group of young, paranoid, and, lets face it, broke, lot of people known as college students, its a travesty. An impossibility. An object traveling deep into the Void, never to be seen again. This trip into the parallel universe to which some objects traverse without return is known as The personnel casualty of a Package Sent by your Parents. It wasnt a package of cookies -- oh no, it couldnt be something sweet, simple, and purely meant as a tasty surprise. Nor was it a warm, crease blanket, something to keep me toasty warm during long, cold nights of studying in my fairly-heated dorm room. Mail accidentally sent to my home calculate instead of my brand-new, thoroughly unfamiliar college address it was not. It was a package of books, hand-picked by my dad, for my first college presentation, discussing the life of a Civil War general, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. My father is somewhat of a self-taught expert on the subject. A service troops who has been that annoying voice in the back of a group tour, constantly asking questions and making comments (this he-usually-makes-fun-of-this-person day took place at the Joshua Chamberlain Museum in Brunswick, Maine). A man who has scoured every remote bookstore location in Maine, searching, praying, for another addition to his collection of scores of books concerning the late, great Joshua Chamberlain and the 20th Maine. This past summer, he sum up the jackpot. While walking in Freeport, Maine, land of the wondrous L.L. Bean store, my father stumbled upon a small shanty of a store with a meager multi-coloured sign which read BOOKS 20TH MAINE. With bated breath, my dad entered the store. And there, among rows of Civil War memorabilia, regiment flags and extremely overpriced bronze replicas of battles such as Little bout Top, Dan Beaulieu found heaven. To this day, I wonder if he breathed once in that store, for fear that a puff of air might blow away his blessed Grail of bookstores. After a very exciting hour of buying T-shirts with inspiring quotes

Adoption of E-Prescribing in Healthcare Organizations Essay -- Health

Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) has the ability to improve the quality, safety and cost effectiveness of wellness care. Experts have predicted that e-prescribing could avoid over 2 million adverse drugs events annually, of which 130,000 are life-threatening. This report defines e-prescribing and the challenges that may be faced in adopting this system. E-PrescribingThe eHealth Initiative defines e-prescribing as the use of computing devices to enter, modify, review, and output or pass around drug prescriptions. (Electronic Prescribing, n.d.) There are varying levels of e-prescribing systems ranging from Level 1 through Level 6. Level 2, which is a stand-alone application, enables providers to order medication electronically scarce does not include medical patient information. Level 6, which is the most sophisticated, is an integrated system which uses other electronic databases such as the Electronic Health present (EHR), pharmacy, and Pharmacy Benefit Manager (PBM) s ystems, which provide greater efficiency, patient safety and the largest return on the investment. The Medicare Part D prescription drug program to a greater extent formally defines e-prescribing asE-prescribing means the transmission, using electronic media, of prescription or prescription-related information between a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy benefit manager or health plan, either directly or through an intermediary, including an e-prescribing network. E-prescribing includes, but is not limited to, two way transmissions between the point of care and the dispenser. This allows the physician to electronically feeler information regarding a patients drug benefit coverage, medication history (including adverse drug events), and to submit the pr... ...ful use incentives. HealthImaging. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//www.healthimaging.com/index.php?view=article&id=30707nchs-more-physicians-applying-for Leavitt, M.O. (2007). wing Testing of Initial Electronic Presc ribing Standards. Health Information Technology. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//healthit.ahrq.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=5554&mode=2&holderDispla yURL=http//wci-p Popovich, M. (2011, November). e-Prescribing Essentials Get the Most come in of E-Prescribing. Practical Dermatology. Retrieved January 23, 2012 from http//bmctoday.net/practicaldermatology/2011/11/article.asp?f=e-prescribing-essentials-get-the-mo Wolper, L.F. (2011). Health Care Administration Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems (5th ed.). Sudbury Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Aaron Beck

Section 1 Abstract Biography Aaron T. Beck Aaron T. Beck (July 18, 1921) was born in Providence, Rhode Island USA, the youngest child of four siblings. Beck attended embrown University, graduating magna cum laude in 1942, then attended Yale Medical School, graduating with an M. D. in 1946. He is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the early 1960s, he is widely regarded as the father of cognitive therapy,and his ioneering theories are widely used in the sermon of clinical depression. Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck youth Inventories. He is the electric chair Emeritus of the Beck Inst and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive ther apists. Becks daughter, Judith S. Beck, is also a researcher in the field of ognitive therapy and President of the Beck Institute. She is married with four children, Roy, Judy, Dan, and Alice. He has nine grandchildren. Section 2 Question 1 Beck developed cognitive therapy in the early 1960s. He had previously studied and do psychoanalysis. Beck designed and carried out a numberof experiments to test psychoanalytic concepts of depression. Fully expecting research would validate these fundamental precepts, he was surprised to find the opposite. This research led him to experience to look for other ways of conceptualizing depression.Working with depressed patients, he found that they experienced streams of negative thoughts that seemed to pop up spontaneously. He termed these cognitions automatic thoughts, and discovered that their content spend into three categories negative ideas about themselves, the world and the future. Beck then developed self-report measures of depression a nd anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Section 3 Question 2I think Beck seen human beings as basically being good. Beck states that depressive cognition could be a result of traumatic experience or incapable of adapting coping skills. Depressive people have a negative perception or belief about themselves and their environment. According to Beck,If beliefs do not change, there is no improvement. If beliefs change, symptoms change. I think this means that your thoughts and beliefs affect your behavior, He believed that bad behavior is caused due to bad thinking, and that thinking is shaped by our beliefs.

Image of Faith in Islam Essay

This paper elucidates the meaning of faith in Islam and the image and ramificationes related to it. The paper is ground on the enjoining by Prophet Mohammad P. B. U. H regarding faith and the branches of faith. The seventy branches mentioned in the saying and the highest and lowest of these branches are discussed in this paper. The highest branch mentioned is to believe and say that there is no God but Allah and the lowest of these branches is to remove a harmful object from the path.Muslims follow this saying in various ways and this is reflected in other sayings from the Prophet and in the Quran. The meaning of faith has been depicted in various verses of the Quran and different sayings of the Holy Prophet P. B. U. H. Muslims follow this saying as an approach to carrying out the day to day functions of life. According to the saying by Prophet Mohammed P. B. U. H Faith has over seventy branches, and modesty is a branch of faith (Muslim, 1971). This meaning of faith for Muslims is very important as it provides them with a code of life.The number sixty or seventy does not mean an remove number of branches it just implies that in Islam the branches of faith are multiple. The highest branch is to say there is only one God frees a human being from godliness to all other deities like idols, animals or any other being. This is the foundation of Islam which indicates there is no God but Allah and Muslims worship only one God.It should be noticed that modesty has been given special emphasis in the saying by the Prophet P. B. U.H it is mentioned because it provides protection against deeds like theft, adultery, abusive expression and other such wrong doings (As-sidq. org, 2006). The Muslims lead their lives based on this very saying as the highest and lowest levels or branches of Islam are mentioned as the popular opinion in one God and the removal of a harmful object from the path, this would mean anything between these branches is the code of life for the Musli ms. This is symbolic to Islam as this provides the overall functionality of slew who follow Islam. Islam is depicted as a religion of peace and consistency.If we consider the last branch which is the removal of a harmful object from the path signifies the eudaemonia of other people who might use the same path at a later time. If this is the lowest branch then the higher branches would have much consideration for the well being of other people and this is the core of Islam. Islam is a religion symbolic of consideration and courtesy for others and all Muslims are regarded as brothers to apiece other. If all the Muslims have the same consideration for one another then Islam as a society would be an entity where people live to achieve harmony through cooperation and coordination.

Marxist, Neoclassical and Deep ecologist theories of ecological crises

gibe to Marxist theory the fundamental ca rehearses of environsal abjection is the regularity of output signal that comes into contradiction with the pictorial processes. It is single dandy accumulation that is taken into consideration, but the range of environment is given little attention. The mode of capitalisticic production is designed in such a manner to yield the biggest returns in terms of profits within the shortest time possible. This mode of production does non integrate the natural process.The capitalistic growth does not consider the time required for the resources to regenerate or formation. The mode of production has also been spread everyplace the globe and does not respect the already existing social organizations (Kovel, 2007). The production and supply of energy is supposed to go ahead without interfering with the natural environment including the flora and the fauna. Marxist approaches argue that environmental degradation does not result from lack of wisdom in capitalist mode of production, but result over overdue to the logic that underline the system.The c each(prenominal) for environmental protection that would result to qualitative growth as advocated by social democrats is stymied by the logic of capitalists (Eckersley, 2005). The flow of soulfulness capitalist is determined by the rationality of capitalists, but the whole system become irrational due to competition among capital, innovative processes to improve on the mode of production and save on raw materials that does not materialize due to unf ship competition. For this reason there is nobody who cargons for the welf atomic number 18 of the environment and thus weewee, soil, air atomic number 18 maculated.Unfair competition has resulted to overproduction problems. This means that natural resources are over ill-used into production of non profitable goods and services. Violations of environmental regulations pay resulted due to this unfair competition in attem pt of super profits (Kovel, 2007). This great deal be identified by such criminal behavior of use of substances that contract been inadequately tested, use of scatheful and cyanogenetic substances, dumping of toxic wastes in unlicensed places, use of chemical labels with false statement (Eckersley, 2005).Marxist theory of imperialistics metropolises argue that most advanced environmental degradation resulting from sparing growth is in the most developed countries. There is economic using due to economic quantification of social, natural and historic substrata in these countries is governed by commodity production which has resulted to fragmentation of social processes which were used in production there is competition among owners of the centralized properties which have led to environmental problems in imperialist countries.There is ofttimes use of land to create business premises, industries, theme parks and other structures which have facilitated much traffic and commuti ng time, but the structure of needs have not been changed. There is much traffic congestion in these metropolitan areas due to traffic policing on the private cars on the use of petroleum fuel. This is a panic to these places (Eckersley, 2005). Centralization of property has demanded building of energy firms especially nuclear power stations and fossil fuels which are a threat to the air quality and are not rational in economic use of energy.In securities industry production they see it advantageous to throw away, burn, flush out what they consider unimportant and this have contributed to waste problem (Kovel, 2007). The consequences of this is much waste in the environment a characteristic of capitalist overabundance which have resulted to environmental problems of urban sprawl, destruction of bionomic systems over congestion, air pollution, release of radioactive substances building up of toxic substances and wastes etc (Benton, 1996). The environmental failures cannot be correc ted by capitalist economy.The environmental resources of water, air, soil, and wood are careworn polluted and degraded frequently without control by capitalism these environmental resources are considered as exogenous factors in economy i. e. they are factors of making profit. The exceptional spirit of natural resources is seen by those buyers of them but the sellers interest is to expound on them and dont see the need to safeguard them. The current push for capitalist is deregulation that is controlling to the attempts made of controlling the exploitation of the natural resources.Otherwise they are contemplated on false premise that the good profits (environmentally friendly) and bad profits can be distinguished on the laws of value. The imperialist countries have designed their structure of the economy as to give end of pipe solution already when the harm has already been done. This has very little remedies to the environmental problems. The consumers within capitalist product ion have been shaped and have aggravated bionomical crisis. The individual change save can contribute very little in searching for the solution of environmental degradation (Benton, 1996).Ecological problems in developing countries have been seen to be as a result of poverty. According to Marxist poverty in these countries is as a result of imperialist action and their economic policies but is not an outcome of fate. environmental problems in imperialist countries are as a result of affluence and not due to commercialise economy. The poor people have become the victims and agents of environmental degradation. In most developing countries there is shortage of basic commodities especially fuel, food and water.The environmental problems faced by the developing countries have the origin of capitalist production. Imperialist countries have dominated the world market and depend on developing countries for raw materials of their industry and this have contributed to overexploitation of natural resources in these countries. The imperialist countries have designed economic structure that are dependent on the world market and have imposed them to the developing countries. For this reason the environmental resources are chosen on this basis for export to facilitate production in the imperialist countries.The pressure falls on the poor people in their environments. The cushion of exploitation of environmental resources is widely felt in developing countries than in capitalist metropolises. According to Marxist environmentally degrading dynamics and organizing contradictions of World coast are carried to the developing countries. The actions of the World Bank are devastating and incorporable weaker forces oppose it . raw materials are exploited for world market and there is parallel increment of such things like roads, power plants etc.There is also heavy clearance of land to pave way for pasture land or farm land to take on products for export and use of pesticide s, chemical fertilizers that have resulted to pollution. The action of the World Bank raise a question about the poor people since they are pushed to regions marginalized and wherefore burns forest to pave way for farming. Cutting hillsides settling in flood prone areas or in arid zones etc contributing to ecologic crisis (OConnor, 1997). According to Marxist this question about the growth of cities in the developing countries is causing environmental problems.These cities have also resulted to waste disposal problems since dump wastes in unauthorized places. There are also energy shortages in these countries. The problems of the developing countries are aggravated by debts to imperialist countries and World Bank which often mean exploitation of more resources for export and thus increase in the level of poverty capitalist countries also transfer hazardous materials into the developing world and whence pollute their environment. According to Marxist seeking to solve environmental problems of the developing world is a serious problem that often does not materialize.Credits and debts given to them only occulten the problem and what is supposed to be done is reduce depending on the imperialist countries (OConnor, 1997). The system of bureaucratic societies has also resulted to similar environmental problems as in imperialist countries. The reason for this is that they have only overcome the capitalist laws of value only partially but they have depend on capitalist and world market dependency on technological progress of the imperialist economies has also contributed to environmental degradation. Bureaucratization was expected to develop a social economy but it eliminated democracy.The issue of environments was only addressed in small departments. recently ecology is based on the idea that the environment is supposed to stay intact and does not exist to execute valet de chambre beings. According to deep ecology species have the right to exist no matter the unfaithfulness to their tender being (Orton, 1999) Deep ecology places value on biodiversity which is necessary to the flourishing of some(prenominal) living and nonliving. According to this approach the origin of ecological crisis can be located on the systems of homophile beliefs, i. e. both religious or philosophical. Human beings are seen to dominate constitution (OConnor, 1997).According to the deep ecologist the right to live for all living things is universal and cannot be quantified. accordingly fifty-fifty human beings cannot be excluded from biotic community. It is believed that members of biotic community are supposed to preserve its integrity beauty and stability (Orton, 1999) Deep ecology shows that the civilization of human beings has damaged the integrity of nature. Ecosystem can absorb limited amount of water only if they do not exceed the carrying capacity. Through this approach ecologist have shown that human activities have changed the biosphere from its n atural state.Deep ecologist gives holistic approach to environmental problems. The field of deep ecology uses two approaches i. e. scientific and deep ecology. Scientific ecology explains the relationship between living species of the earth and the environment (Orton, 1999). The field uses four directions i. e. Spirituality, Ideas, Feelings and Action. Spirituality tries to explain our relationship with what we see as taboo. Live here is seen as being sacred and it is believed that the power of life acts through the work of the earth recovery. Ideas on the other hand are based on idea that we are parts of nature rather than outsiders of nature.As part of nature we should use the ability to develop the ecosystem rather than destroy them. We should be the stewards of the environment rather than have dominion over it. Feelings uneffective us to see the state of the nature since we are part of it. As stewards we act according to these feelings. As environmental stewards we act for liv e (Orton, 1999) Marxist, neoclassical and Deep ecologist theories of ecological crises. Neoclassical theory originated from several abstraction i. e. individualistic utility theory, firm theory and market theory. .Neoclassical values economy more other than anything else.Ecosystem is seen as just mere elements within the economy. In contrast to Marxist theory and deep ecology, neoclassical do not recognize the physical limits of nature and thence they support for infinite growth. They hold that he failure that have resulted to ecological crisis take place due to lack of market values. However neoclassical economics have tried to integrate environmental issues in the market systems. This is contrary to Marxist theory, where Marxist sees all the environmental issues as a result of capitalism production. Neoclassical economist believes that markets will make everything right.In reality neoclassical do little to account for value of environment (Laferriere & Stoett, 1999). According t o neoclassical economics market failures occur in three instances i. e. externalities, imperfect structure and public goods. Externalities in neoclassical economic approaches, crisis results due to negative externalities that result to inefficiency in the market. In this approach what is considered to be an externality is something that is external and is not determined by the nature. An example is where waste effluent from a firm is discharged into a water course resulting to water pollution.According to neoclassical economics this only happens because the value of the community water is not accounted for in the cost of production since this value is not available in the market tot be purchased by the community (Laferriere & Stoett, 1999). . This is contrary to Marxist theory and deep ecology approach. Marxist theory argues that such ecological crisis does not turn off because of lack of wisdom but money driven factor which are aimed at maximizing profit. Deep ecology on the other hand has explained our actions towards the environment using the four directions as mentioned earlier.In this approach our actions towards the environment should be that of stewardship and such actions of discharging effluent into water body does not support the integrity, beauty and stability of nature and therefore this is wrong. According to Marxist theory, the environment is therefore undervalued, unprotected and polluted. Even where neoclassical economics call for internalizing the externalities so that amount of pollution is obtained. It is contrary to deep ecology since deep ecology support for the integrity of nature (Plumwood, 2002).The denial that externality only results from diversions from the real world lead to structures that are irrelevant to all the living things and the environment according to deep ecology approaches to ecological crisis. This is because it is only in the real world human being and other species live and therefore the models do not prescribe solu tions to the problems that already exist in it. Moreover environment is treated as a thing that can be abstracted, exploited according to this approach of negative externalities regardless of the fact that it is dynamic living component.To place value on the environmental components so that they can be internalized in market it is contrary to Marxist theory since this value is placed only due to individual preferences. Such evaluation of environmental goods is hypothetical markets, contingent market valuation etc which have resulted to interference with the integrity of nature since nature is complex and human being cannot successfully value it. In neoclassical economic methods it be clear that environment is a commodity that can be substituted once hedonic pricing and anthropocentric allocation of prices has been successfully determined (Plumwood, 2002).The values of natural resources are not prioritized by the market mechanism and it is only the exchange value base that is consid ered (Laferriere & Stoett, 1999). This is in contrast to deep ecology since resources under this article of faith should be part of nature and they have value in themselves and should be allowed to pursue their own good. In contrary resources are valued if they bring environmental benefits that can be evaluated or economic benefits according to neoclassical economists.It therefore means that species with no use value which have been attached to them have no any effect on optimal allocation of resources. Human beings have limited knowledge about the biodiversity, biophysical and therefore optimal valuation of the components of the environment often leads to irrational choices. Therefore market failure is not the problem or the one that brings the conflict between environment and the economic activities. The conflict merely arises due to impossibilities of the market structure to place a reasonable value of all the components of the environment in the real world (Plumwood, 2002).Ecol ogical crisis have resulted to irreversible changes to earth and its inhabitants. misemploy to the environment has threatened many species of the earth. Initially the issue was infinite growth which cannot be supported by our finite earth. The threats created by ecological destructions can be dealt with by altering the concepts of economic growth . this is in contrast with neoclassical approaches that support market economies and holds that the crisis are due to market failure (Foster, 1997).The ecological crises are threatening the species of the earth. According to Marxist and deep ecologist crisis result from human activities that impact on the earth. According to Marxist there is need to change the mode of production and there is no need to wait for scientific evidence of their ecological consequences. However this is contrary to neoclassical economics where some firms are still maintaining ruinous production techniques with little technological groundings the technological p rogress instead is acting on environment and destroying it.The industrial revolution of the 19th century resulted to production of much waste that polluted the environment. The wastes had consequences of degrading the environment and also threatening the health of all human being especially occupational workers since 19th century ecological degradation has become fast and furious. Ecological degradation is an outcome of technological advancement with little care of nature. This occurred on the eve of 19th century with innovation of cars petroleum use, the rise of chemical industry and agricultural sectors with heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides.The issue of planned economics and industrialization of the third world has also contributed to qualitative leap of resources (Benton, 1996). Deep ecologist has deep understanding of the nature. Marxist on the other hand analyzed the society and excluded co-evolutionary understanding of the relationship between nature and human beings. A ccording to deep ecology analysis of nature the two cannot be vied as separate entities or independent bodies. Rather, sees the two as co-evolutionally and they change each other in dynamic processes.The historical forces and social forces forms the basis in which human beings treat the environment Marxists assert that historical materialism in economic degradation is designed with structures that are degrading environment systematically and are exceeding the carrying capacity of the earth (Burkett, 1999). This is contrary to the views of neoclassical economists. Therefore they have caused much environmental degradation instead of establishing a co- evolutionary relationship.For Marxist there is both crisis of nature and social crisis that have resulted to ecological crisis. The ecological crisis has resulted due to the mode of production and reproduction that are designed to exploit the resources (Burkett, 1999). Marxist theory agree that human being have become both agents and vi ctims of the ecological crisis and this has been evidenced by social alienation malnutrition and pollution and poisoning to the environmental components in which human being depend and also see capitalism as being as specific historic form.( Benton, 1996). Bourgeois society which is criticized Marxist but supported by neoclassical economics is created by capital which also results to appropriation of nature and the social bonds to the members of the society. The great civilization of man results to nature being seen as an object for human beings, which is supposed to be utilise and fail to be recognized (Burkett, 1999). The discovery of the laws of the nature is seen as merely ruse in order to subjugate it to human needs as objects of enjoyment or facilitate production.Bibliography Barry J, Eckersley (2005) The render and the Global Ecological Crisis. ISBN-13 978-0-262-52435-3, MIT Press. Benton T (1996) The Greening of Marxism. ISBN 157230118X. Guilford Press. Burkett P (1999) M arx and Nature A Red and Green Perspective. ISBN 0312219407, St. Martins Press. Eckersley R (2004) The Green State Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty, ISBN 0262050749, MIT Press. Foster, John Bellamy (1997) The Crisis of the Earth. Organization & Environment (journal), Vol. 10, No.3, 278-295 DOI 10. 1177/0921810697103003 Kovel J (2007) The Enemy of Nature, ISBN 9781842778715 Laferriere E, Stoett J (1999) International Relations Theory and Ecological Thought Towards a Synthesis, ISBN-13 978-0415164795, Routledge. OConnor J (1997) Natural Causes Essays in Ecological Marxism. SBN 1572302739, Guilford Press Orton D (1999) Deep Ecology and Criticism, ISBN 0-8476-8929-8, Littlefield. Plumwood V (2002) Environmental Culture The Ecological Crisis of Reason. ISBN 0415178770, Routledge

How the Political Control the Military

No new taxes. This is a quote that most all of us call from the 1992 presidential election. Along with it we remember that there were new taxes during that presidents term in office. There argon a myriad of promises made and things d peerless in a presidential election course of study that cave in questionable motives as to whether they are done in the best interest of the people or in the interests of the presidential candidate. These hidden interests are one of the biggest problems with the political aspects of government in modern society.One of the prime examples of this is the Vietnam War. Although South Vietnam asked for our help, which we had previously promised, the entire conflict was managed in station to meet personal political agendas and to remain politically correct in the worlds eyes rather than to bring a quick and decisive end to the conflict. This can be seen in the selective onslaught of Hanoi throughout the course of the Vietnam War. Politically this strateg y looked very good. However, militarily it was ludicrous. War is the one arena in which politicians have no place.War is the militarys sole purpose. Therefore, the U. S. Military should be allowed to conduct any struggle, conflict, or police action that it has been committed to without political stay or control because of the problems and hidden interests which are always present when dealing with polit united States involvement in the Vietnam War actually began in 1950 when the U. S. began to subsidize the french Army in South Vietnam. This involvement continued to escalate throughout the 1950s and into the early 1960s.On August 4, 1964 the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred in which American Naval Vessels in South Vietnamese waters were fired upon by North Vietnam. On August 5, 1964 President Johnson requested a resolution expressing the inclination of the United Sates in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia ( Johnson ). On August 7, 1964, in response to the presidential request, congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any attack and to prevent aggression against the U. S. n southeast Asia ( United States ).The selective bombing of North Vietnam began immediately in response to this resolution. In March of the following year U. S. troops began to arrive. Although the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution specifically stated that we had no military, political, or territorial ambitions in southeast Asia, the interests back home were quite a different story ( Johnson ). The political involvement in Vietnam was roughly much more than just promised aid to a weak country in order to prevent the spread of communism.It was about money. After all, contends require equipment, guns, tools and machinery. Most of which was produced in the United States. It was about proving Americas commitment to stop communism. Or rather to confine communism in its present boundaries But most of all it was about politics. The pres idential political involvement in Vietnam had little to do with Vietnam at all. It was about China for Eisenhower, about Russia for Kennedy, about Washington D. C. for Johnson, and about himself for Nixon ( Post ).The remnant two of which were the study players in Americas involvement in regards to U. S. Troops being used ( Wittman ). The military involvement in Vietnam is directly related to the political management of the military throughout the war. The military controlled by the politicians. The micro management of the military by the White House for political gain is the basal reason for both the length and cost, both monetary and human, of the Vietnam War ( Pelland ). One of the largest problems was the lack of a clear objective in the war and the support to strive it.The predominant military opinion of the militarys role in Vietnam in respect to the political involvement is seen in the following quote by General Colin Powell, If youre going to put into something then you owe the armed forces, you owe the American People, you owe just youre own desire to succeed, a clear statement of what political objective youre trying to achieve and then you put the sufficient force to that objective so that you know when youve effected it.The politicians dictated the war in Vietnam, it was a limited war, the military was never allowed to fight the war in the manner that they thought that they requisite to in order to win it ( Baker ). To conclude on the Vietnam War, the political management of the war made it unwinnable. The military was at the mercy of politicians who knew very little about what needed to be done militarily in order to win the war. There is an enormous difference between political judgment and military judgment. This difference is the unproblematic reason for the outcome of the Vietnam War ( Schwarzkopf ).The Gulf War in the Middle East was almost the exact opposite in respect to the political regularise on the war. In respect to the militar y objective of the war the two are relatively similar. The objective was to liberate a weaker country from their aggressor. The United kingdoms resolution was explicit in its wording regarding military force in the Persian Gulf. The resolution specifically stated by all content necessary. ( Schwarzkopf ). The President was very aware of the problems with political management of warfare throughout the war.He was very determined to let the military call the shots about how the war was conducted. He made a specific effort to prevent the suggestion that civilians were going to try to run the war ( Baker ). Painful lessons had been learned in the Vietnam War, which was still fresh on the minds of many of those involved in this war ( Baker ). The military was given full control to use force as they saw fit. Many of the top military leaders had also been involved in the Vietnam War. These men exhibited a very strong never again locating throughout the planning stages of this war.General Schwarzkopf made the following statement about the proposed bombing of Iraq in regards to the limited bombing in Vietnam, I had no doubtfulness we would bomb Iraq if I was going to be the Military Commander. He went on to say that it would be absolutely stupid to go into a military scat against his, Iraqs, forces who had a tremendous advantage on us on the ground, numbers wise. It would be ludicrous not to fight the war in the air as much, if not more, than on the ground ( Schwarzkopf ). The result of the Gulf War in which the military was given control, as we know, was a quick, decisive victory.There were many separate pointors involved in this than just the military being given control, particularly in contrast to Vietnam, but the military having control played a major part in this victory. In conclusion, although there are some major differences between the two conflicts one fact can be seen very clearly. That is the fact that the military is best suited for conducting wars . Politicians are not. It is not the place of a politicians to be involved in the decision making process in regards to war or military strategy. The White House has significant control in military matters.That control should be used to help the military in achieving its goals as it was in the Gulf War where George Bush said specifically to let the military do its job. The only alternative to this is to use political influence in the same way that it was used in Vietnam. If we do not learn from these lessons that are so obvious in the differences between these two conflicts then we are condemned to repeat the same mistakes. Lets just pray that it does not take the death of another 58,000 of Americas men to learn that the politicians place is not in war but in peace ( Roush ).

China and India: the Challenge and Opportunity

Sources Capell, Kerry. IKEA How The Swedish Retailer Became A Global Cult Brand. BusinessWeek. 14 Nov. 2005 96-106. Ikea. com CASE 2 CHINA AND INDIA THE CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY OVERVIEW china and India are the ii nations that will transform the global economy as we now know it. China has state-of-the-art manufacturing and India is boosting its competitive edge through intromission hubs. While the United States is deciding if Chindia is a threat or an opportunity the massive low wage, highly educated, and forward thinking work force is transforming these two poor nations into global powerhouses.Yet, all is not perfect. While governments and business pour mass amounts of investments into the countries there are huge obstacles to continued growth. There are social, political, and environmental challenges. Important is keeping growth at a steady pace that will eliminate the unemployment lines. Pollution and environmental challenges, political backlash, debt and currency crises, inad equate medical exam care, threats of epidemics, and war are continuing challenges. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.Discuss the innovation implications for the leading developed nations concerning Chinas and Indias rapidly escalating capabilities. 2. Examine the collaboration potential and hurdles of greater collaboration between China and India regarding innovation and other commercial ventures. 3. What are the potential market opportunities for developed nations in China and India? 4. Evaluate the evolving offset of economic power shift from the west to the east. 5. Discuss the future competitive threats of China and India for industries in developed countries.

Literary Analysis: The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essay

Since its publication in 1892, The colour Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, has generated a variety of interpretations. Originally viewed to be a ghost accounting, it has been regarded as medieval literature, science fiction, a statement on postpartum depression, having Victorian patriarchal attitudes and a journey into the depths of mental illness. More controversial, but curiously overlooked is the payoff of the rest cure and whether Gilmans associations are fact or fiction. Evidence supports Charlotte Gilman may have misrepresented the Weir Mitchell Rest Cure, and pokes more holes in The Yellow Wallpaper.The yarns female character is suffering from temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical(1) tendency, and prescribed a rest cure. The treatment enforced lordly bed rest, forbade physical, mental or social activities and required total isolation from family and friends. Eventually the lack of stimulation and complete solitude only added to the desolation, and pushe d her to the brink of insanity.The Yellow Wallpaper was based on Gilmans personal experience with postpartum depression and treatment received by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, pioneer of the Rest Cure. The parallels between her experiences and those of the story are noticeable, as are implications of late nineteenth-century patriarchal and medical attitudes toward women, during that time.As a fictional story, and nothing else, The Yellow Wallpaper depicts a postpartum womanhood driven to psychosis by an inept doctor who is also her husband. However, as a fictional autobiography, it is read as an indictment of the nineteenth-century medical profession and its patriarchal attitudes. after(prenominal) the 1973 reissue of The Yellow Wallpaper, Gilman directly criticizes Mitchells treatment, saying, the real purpose of the story was to reach Dr. S Weir Mitchell, and convince him of the error of his ways. She claimed his rest cure brought her perilously uprise to losing her mind.Mitchells erro rs by many accounts, far surpass his medical therapies alone. A tenacious male-chauvinist, by todays standards, he was vehemently opposed to women voting, and strongly against higher education. He felt it got in the way of being good wives and mothers, saying there had better be none of it. Womens finest nobleness according to Mitchell, was to be homeful for others.

Coal Industry in India Essay

The sear sedulousness in India witnessed its inception in 1774. However, it took almost a atomic number 6 for this industry to rise above its infancy and proclaim its actual arrival around the second half of the 19th century. What followed was the chronicle of remarkable growth albeit with its share of ups and downs down the line. The flipside of this account of prosperity has not, however, escaped the examen of historians. The oppressive attitudes of the coal-producing lobby and the miners miserable conditions have time and again found their home in universal wear historiography. Intriguing themes, for instance, production social intercourses, migration of labour, manipulation around the recruitment of labour, be giveners resistance movements and debates around women and child labour have further enriched the discourse. This project aims to add a new dimension to this ongoing debate. The prime neutral of this submit is to unearth the history of hygienics issues at workp laces in the coalfields of Raniganj and Jharia districts in ea strict India and of hygiene in their adjacent regions in eastern India, 1901 and 1973.The expansion of the industry was not with off its adverse effects on valet as rise as natural resources. This project thence, has as its focus the wellness of the miner as well as the health of the mineral, i.e. coal, with its attendant thrusts on industrial hygiene and mine technology. Going beyond the compound time-frame, this psychoanalyze a wish well attempts an investigation into miners functional and living standards in the first quarter of postindependent India. Moreover, a parallel will be drawn in the midst of miners living conditions at collieries of eastern India and those of natural in South Africa.It will be interesting to look into two diverse pictures in these different colonial settlements. As far as labour legislation and methods of digging are concerned, a comparative chew over with Britain is on the cards . The first research question that this study aims to address is the health of the miners. Engaged in raving mad underground mining activities, the miners were exposed to serious and fatal accidents. The collapse of roofs and the sides was the most common form of accidents. undermenti superstard in importance were accidents in haulage routes and shafts as well as explosions. The pertinent question is what compete the pivotal part in those facts of accidents was it the miners lack of mining knowledge, was it the subordinate officials paucity of proper supervision or was it the lack of adequate aid of the mine-owners and mine-managers to the workers sanctuary concerns? In his report of 1912, the Chief quizzer of Mines coined categories of accidents for example those callable to misadventure, due to the fault of the deceased, due to the fault of the fellow workmen and due to the fault of the subordinate officials (sirdars).The newly-formed categories singled out managerial faul t as a distinct category which consisted of accidents fewer in number in relation to separates. The intention was clear. It was to hold the miner primarily responsible for his misfortunes. But the stone pit owners and managers hardly provided them with the proper train in the mining principles. It was just now in 1909 that a book on mining perpetrates was proposed to be brought out in Bengali. This is not to forget that a large chunk of miners used to migrate from regions outside Bengal wish the Central Provinces. The principal reason for ascribing responsibility to the miners was to not have to pay compensation in good example of permanent disablement or death. The case was just the reverse in Britain.The scope of the figure outmens hire Act of 1923 was broadened for the Indian coal miners only after independence. True, some of these accidents pointed to the responsibility of the miners like in cases of pillar-robbing or drinking while working, that even when managerial fault was indicated, the penalty was minimal. The management even failed on a number of occasions to report cases of serious and fatal accidents without delay. Besides, both attempt at caoutchouc-related labour legislation in the coal industry was hampered by fierce opposition from the coalproducing lobby consisting of two Europeans and Indians. Issues related to the regulation of involvement of women and children underground, maternity abjure, restriction on hours of work etc. found stern protesters in the colliery-owners.The brass was hardly in a position to frustrate the claims of their close collaborators. This story of the colonial government-capitalist class nexus will help us go beyond the traditional nationalist versus imperialistic historiographical framework and highlight the complexities of the issues involved in the question of governmental legislation to ensure higher pencil eraser conditions in mines. Increasing number of accidents in Indian collieries was of t ascribed to the prevalent methods of mining which were often termed as faulty. This brings us to the next crucial question i.e. the health of the mineral. The usual mining method that was followed in Indian coal mines was the bord and pillar system. coal was cut into pillars but the co-existence of small pillars and large galleries augmented the insecurity of collapse as well as that of loss of significant amount of coal. We can draw a parallel with the standard method of mining in Britain which was called the panel system. It was a system where isolation of industrial plant was possible. Every outlet was hermetically sealed that left solid ribs of coal of varying thickness between panels which used to be cut into pillars and immediately extracted. This method was often recommended for the Indian situation.The relevant question in this context is the supposed shortcomings of the bord and pillar system. Was the panel system practicable in Indian conditions? Furtherto a greater e xtent, Miners were often criminate of improper miens in which they handled the cutting and extracting of coal. Here again the question of their lack of access to any kind of training becomes vital. Moreover, the never-ending demand for higher productivity often forced the workers to work in the abandoned part of mines, a practice that had its inevitable effects on both the health of the miners and that of the mineral. What was much(prenominal) surprising was most of the coal mines in Raniganj and Jharia were run without any proper plans of the mines. Frequently, both logical arguments were worked simultaneously with the working of the one being above the working of the some other.This caused the workings to be unstable resulting in loss of a huge quantity of coal. The practice of lease was much(prenominal) that the demarcation line between two neighbouring collieries often turned out to be indistinct. It was noticed that kind of of leaving barriers untouched as intended, the work was act up to or even over the boundary. A thin barrier was dangerous for it was liable to shortly give way under body of water pressure. The question of exhaustion of coal and the need for its conservation leads us to the next important research problem i.e. the development of mine technology. Sand-stowing is one such safeguard that ensures sentry duty in workplace as well as conservation of coal.The institution of the Coal Mines Stowing carte and the subsequent Coal Mines Safety (Stowing) Act of 1939 was, however, intended to guarantee only protection against accidents at mines. It was only after independence that adequate attention was paid to conservation of coal with the Coal Mines (Conservation and Safety) Act of 1952. The Coal Mines Stowing Board was replaced by the Coal Board in 1951 in an attempt to function more than effectively during the period under review. On the other hand, the persistent problem with the sentry duty management at Indian collieries was t hat none of the appliances, hammers and materials needed for combating fire, gas, or water in collieries was kept at any of the mines in the Raniganj and Jharia coal fields. A number of large collieries adopted safety lamps in place of naked lights to annul the danger of explosion but they were not regularly examined before being taken into the workings. Mine owners or managers often failed to post notices specifying limits of timber withdrawal for each seam or district of a seam or the maximum intervening distances between props or other roof supports at the working places.Even for winding purpose, makeshift appliances like haulage ropes were used in place of winding ropes on a number of occasions, thus inviting unfortunate consequences. The mine authority, nonetheless, had the miners to blame for their technological deficiencies. Even the Chief Inspector of Mines had some interesting and often contradictory remarks to make regarding the use of machinery by Indian miners. On the one hand he thought that the cheapness of Indian labour prevented use of machines while on the other he found comfort in the saying that, Handling a miners tool was more of a matter of skill than was generally supposed.and the Indian coal miner was unenviable with his weapons but when doing work to which he and his forefathers had been accustomed e.g. loading or carrying material he was capable of showing goodly results. But the fact that the Indian miner could be induced to abandon the tools of his forefathers was seen is most Indian collieries where face shovels were commonly used, and where the pointed crow bar was replaced by double pointed picks.Hence the question of availability of mine and safety technology, and more importantly, that of the proper application of technologies in possession turns out to be the critical imperatives. Even attempts at introduction of new technology often drew severe flak from various quarters. Coal commissioners were suggesting the filename extension of the boiler act to colliery districts. The steam boilers which were in use in collieries required the fitting of a second safety valve to all boilers, second one preferably to be of the lock-up type. The Indian Mining standstill took up the matter and protested strongly against any such intervention.They were of the opinion that the danger of accident had been sufficiently minimise without the precaution. Furthermore, sheer introduction of certain apparatus was not enough e.g. Jeffrey Companys electric coal-cutter was introduced at some collieries. But it was not successful on account of difficulty of repair and removal of the machine. Moreover, windup(prenominal) coal cutters were more suited to Longwall method as in Britain than to the bord and pillar system that was adopted in Bengal. However, introduction of machinery like Welsh ovens for coking purposes in the Giridih coal field was hugely successful although the usual practice elsewhere was predominantly open o vens. Thus the issues involved in the adoption of mining technology is required to be studied in close association with the safety of the miner and the conservation of the mineral in order to get an overall picture of the question of industrial hygiene in the Raniganj and Jharia coal-fields. A study of occupational hazards is incomplete without an investigation into occupational diseases (for instance Pneumoconiosis, ankylostomiasis, lungs diseases etc.) and diseases that affected the workers habitation.Our understanding of the question would be furthered by exploring the disease management policy of the mining authorities. Workers huts or dhowrah were not initially part of the colliery districts but later on became integral division of the districts. As far as workers housing arrangements were concerned, the official adaption of the comfortable brick hut was constantly clashing with the workers version of the squalid mud hut. The miners perception of hygiene and sanitisation for med the principal subject matter of the official critique. True, the miners fell short on the counts of their health and hygiene standards, but the real problem lies with the alternative settlement that the nexus of colonial government and mine authorities provided. The one room tenement with common latrine facilities did not turn out to be a more hygienic alternative to the previous mud hut. Here, we can draw a parallel between the collieries of Bengal and those of Natal in South Africa.A large number of Indian miners started migrating to Natal around the first ten dollar bill of the 20th century because of better working and living conditions there. The question of health and hygiene standards of the adjacent colliery districts is worth exploring, too. Outbreak of diseases in the neighbourhood had its decisive effect on the workplace hygiene. A mere rumour of outbreak of Cholera in the vicinity used to result in widespread apostasy of collieries and its surroundings by the miner s, thus having disastrous effects on the production process. Hence, a circumstantial study on the connections between colliery hygiene of the areas under study and that of the wider region becomes essential.This connection was all the more evident in the post-independence period. The civil hospital of Dhanbad had a number of seats reserved for the colliers of Jharia mines. The mines used similarly to gain a great deal from the water supply scheme in the neighbourhood or for the purpose of supply of electricity. Systems of water supply, sewerage systems, vigorous measures, and disease policies in the adjacent areas undoubtedly had their collision on workplaces and the other way round. Furthermore, coal mining and its impact on the wider environment induced the government to formulate public health measures in tune with the necessities of the coal mining industry as well as with the requirements of the adjoining regions. These two linked and often conflicting aspects will be explo red through the story of dilemmas, preferences, strategies and decision-making at the government level. Particular attention to the mathematical process and implementation of various safety measures at collieries in post-colonial India forms the conclusive part of this project.Was the working and living conditions of the coal mine workers improve in any way in the immediate post-independence period? What was the status of labour legislation in relation to workers health and safety concerns? Apparently the colliers were better placed with the growing effectiveness of the Workmens Compensation Act. Women miners gained significantly from regular functioning of the Mines Maternity Benefit Act of 1941. Jharia and Raniganj Mines Boards of Health looked in better shape in postindependence years. Particular attention must be paid to the activities of the Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund. Establishment and proper functioning of fundamental and regional hospitals of Jharia and Raniganj were regulated under the auspices of this fund. Dispensary services like the one at Bhuli in Jharia improved a lot as well. We can also come across instances like spraying operations to prevent Malaria or B.C.G. vaccination to combat Tuberculosis or the setting up of the mobile laboratory teams in the Jharia and Raniganj coalfields which point to improvement in the condition of health and hygiene in colliery districts. work of the Coal Mines Pithead Bath Rules, 1946 and of the Mines Creche Rules, 1946 must be mentioned. Especially, provision of crches demands particular attention in relation to women labour. They had a place for their children to be taken care of while they were busy working. Despite such favourable proceedings, miners wretchedness was far from being reduced. A remarkable increase in opencast mining with its associated dangers furthered the misery of the miners. Added to this were dissatisfactory mining conditions e.g. slaughter mining, violation of mine safety laws etc . The result was communisation of Coking coal mines in 1972 and that of non-coking coal mines in 1973. Health and hygiene related themes in Indian coal mines during the colonial and postcolonial period have not found a substantial space in vivacious scholarship.The only work that stands out is an article by Colin Simmons (1976) where he devotes himself to the study of coal mines accidents, workplace safety and labour legislation. His other works are also of seminal importance particularly for the understanding of the temper of the labour force and ownership of colliery land. As to issues relating to practices of landleases and tenancy rights, the work of Dietmar Rothermund (year) is intriguing indeed. Rakhi Raychowdhury (1996), in her work on the women labour of eastern Indian coal mines, has a chapter devoted to matters concerning work schedule, rest and leave and accidents. While Dilip Simeons principal focus was production relations (1997) and labour movement (1999) in Jharia c oalfields, he gave some attention to the safety concerns of Indian collieries. (1999). He even addressed the post-colonial situation. But a detailed study on industrial hygiene in relation to coalfields awaits scholarly attention.In the process of analyse the growth of coal industry in India, A.B. Ghosh(1977) referred to lists of accidents in coal mines and also to some examples of technological evolution but he made no attempt to derive a connection between accidents, safety issues and introduction of technology which this project intends to address. Deepika Basus (1993) occasional mention of health issues in coal and other mines is meant to broaden the understanding of the growth of the working class in India. Kuntala Lahiri-Dutts (2001) concern over water problems, sewerage systems etc. gives us a fair idea about the gradual process of urbanisation in the Raniganj coalfields. She has also established a relation between growing mechanization of coal industry and decreasing import ance of women labour. But the connection between mechanization and safety issues remains to be explored. It is a principal aim of this proposed project to analyze the same issues in the light of the themes of health and hygiene.In her case study on Kolar gold mines, Janaki Nair (1998) writes extensively on accident related issues in the work place and the process of sanitation outside the workplace, mainly in the workers residence. Nair, however, views these themes at heart the Foucauldian paradigm of surveillance and resistance. Anti-plague measures or sanitizing efforts of the mining authorities was, according to Nair, an intrusion into the private life of the mine workers. She saw in the sanitary zeal of the persons concerned an extension of the barrack like discipline (even though mines cannot be considered barrack like structures) of the workplace to the territory beyond. This project will attempt to move beyond such stereotypical formulations and instead attempt in-depth anal yses of the questions raised that will be based on solid empirical research conscious by an awareness of the theoretical issues involved. The work has been conceptualized in a manner that it will pull unneurotic issues that have been dealt with in discrete, scattered contexts.As far as historical works on Indian public health system are concerned, we are familiar with a significant body of lit about public health systems of major cities like that of Calcutta (Kabita Ray, 1998), and of Bombay (Mridula Ramanna, 2002). A discussion on public health systems of industrially-rich regions is supposed to be first of its kind. Mark Harrison (1994) pioneered a comprehensive account of the system of public health in India starting from disease management in military garrisons to vaccination policies, preventive measures against plague in wider regions. The mining sector however has not featured in his work. Industrial hygiene and in this case, health and hygiene issues in collieries and in th eir adjoining regions is an unexplored arena. The proposed research aims to combine specifically two kinds of historiography within the span of its methodology. One is the historical literature on mines and the other is the historical accounts of science, medicine, technology, and of public health systems in India.While works on mines have overlooked aspects of hygiene and technology, the history of science, medicine and technology has stock-still to incorporate the industrial sector or industrial hygiene within its orbit. This endeavour, therefore, proposes to fill in the null in the existing historical literature by combining elements of both these fields of research. On some other level, this discussion on industrial health and hygiene will seek to include within the scope of its analysis the role of extra-economic factors in the understanding of the working classes in India.Last but not least, a comparison with the coal mines of Britain and South Africa follows from the logic of the analysis of the factors affecting the Indian collieries which I have discussed before. In its attempt at juxtaposing global phenomena, this venture treads the path shown by Peter Alexander (2004). This research thus seeks to situate the post-colonial situation of eastern Indian coalfields within the global context. Such a work is also of relevance to current global concerns that seek to foreground the question of safeguarding the environment in the context of the global-capitalist race to maximize profits from commercial ventures.Primary Sources The Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1947/ Act no. 32 of 1947.Delhi. The Coal Mines Safety (Stowing) Rules. Delhi, 1939. East India Railway the Coalfields of Bengal and Chota Nagpur Served by the East India Railway. Calcutta, 1926. First Report of the perpetration appointed to investigate the dangers arising from coal-dust in Indian Mines. Govt. of India, segment of Industries and Labour. Calcutta 1924. (Simpson Committee). In dian Mines Act. By W.H.Pickerink and W.Graham, 1907. Papers Regarding economy for the jurisprudence and Sanitation of Mines in India. Govt. of India Department of Revenue and Agriculture. Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Govt. Printing, 1896. Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines in India under the India Mines Act, VIII of 1901. Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Govt. Printing, (1901 onwards). Report o the Coalfield Committee. Calcutta Govt. Printing, 1920. Report of the Coal Mining Committee. Delhi coach of Publications, 1937. Report of the Indian Coal Committee, 1925. Reports on the Production and Consumption of Coal in India. Report on the Inspection of Mines in India. Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Govt. Printing, (1894-1900).Rules Framed by the Govt. of Bengal under Section 30 of the Indian Mines Act, 1923 (IV of 1923) applicable to Coal Mines and Mines other than Coal Mines, Corrected up to 30th June, 1940. Second Report of the mission appointed t o investigate the dangers arising from coal-dust in Indian Mines. Govt. of India, Department of Industries and Labour. Calcutta 1929. (Simpson Committee). Special Rules for Coal Mines under Section 21 of the Indian Mines Act, 1901 (VIII of 1901), 1918. Third and Final Report of the committee appointed to investigate the dangers arising from coal-dust in Indian Mines. Govt. of India, Department of Industries and Labour. Calcutta 1932.Journals and Bulletins Bulletins of Indian Industries and Labour Indian Factory Legislation A Historical Survey. By A.G.Clow. 1926. Reduction of Hours of Work in Mines, 1932.Bulletins of the Department of Industries, Bengal Catalogue of the Indian Manufacturers (compiled in the office of the DirectorGeneral of Commercial Intelligence), 1911. Secondary Sources Alexander, Peter and Halpern, Rick, submission Comparing Race and Labour in South Africa and the United States in Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 30, Number 1, p. 5-18, March 2004.Al exander, Peter, Race, Class Loyalty and the Structure of Capitalism Coal Miners in aluminum and the Transvaal, 1918-1922 in Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 30, Number 1, p. 115-132, March 2004. Basu, Deepika, The Working Class in Bengal Formative Years, Calcutta, 1993. Ghosh, A.B., Coal labor in India A Historical and Analytical Account, Calcutta, vol. 1, 1977 & vol. 2, 1990.Guha, B.P., Wage rates in the Indian coal mining industry, Priya, 1973. Harrison, Mark, Public Health in British India Anglo-Indian Preventive practice of medicine 1859-1914, Cambridge, 1994.Lahiri-Dutt, Kuntala, Mining and Urbanization in the Raniganj coalbelt. Calcutta, 2001. Nair, Janaki, Mines and Millhands Work Culture and Politicsin Princely Mysore. New Delhi, 1998.Ramanna, Mridula, westward Medicine and Public Health in Colonial Bombay, 18451895. Hyderabad, 2002. Ray, Kabita, History of Public Health Colonial Bengal, 1921-1947.Kolkata, 1998. Raychowdhury, Rakhi, sexual activity and Labour in India the Kamins of Eastern Coalmines, 1900-1940. Kolkata, 1996. Rothermund, Dietmar, Tenancy Legislation for Chota Nagpur the Emphasis on Executive Protection in Zamindars, Mines and Peasants Studies in the History of anIndian Coalfield and Its Rural Hinterland, edited by Dietmar Rothermund and D.C. Wadhwa. New Delhi, 1978.Simeon, Dilip, The Politics of Labour at a lower place Late Colonialism. Workers, Unions and the State in Chota Nagpur, 1928-1939. New Delhi, 1995. ibidem Coal and Colonialism Productions Relations in an Indian coalfield, c. 18951947 in Peripheral Labour? Studies in the History of Partial Proletarianization, edited by Shahid Amin and Marcel van der Linden. Cambridge, 1997. ibid. Work and Resistance in the Jharia Coalfield in Contributions to Indian Sociology, vol. 33, no. 1-2, p. 43-75. 1999. Simmons, Colin, Working Conditions, Accidents and Protective Labour Legislation in the Indian Coal Mining Industry in the Pre-Independence Period in Bengal Past and Pr esent, pt.1 (N.K. Sinha archives Vol.), p. 185-200, 1976.ibid. Recruiting and Organizing an Industrial Labour Force in Colonial India the Case of the Coal Mining Industry c. 1880-1939 in The Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. xiii, no. 4, p. 455-485 , 1976.

Inherent Good and Evil in Lord of the Flies Essay

The Lord of the travel by William Golding is tale of a group of young sons who become stranded on a delinquent island afterwards their plane crashes. Intertwined in this classic novel argon many themes, most that relate to the constitutive(a) immorality that exists in all human beings and the malicious nature of mankind. In The Lord of the Flies, Golding set ups the boys gradual rendering from being civilized, well-mannered community to savage, ritualistic beasts. From the time that the boys land on the island, both a office staff struggle and the first signs of the boys inherent evil, hoggishs mockery, occur.After blowing the conch and summoning all the boys to come for an assembly, an election is held. I ought to be chief , said sea dog with simple arrogance, because Im chapter chorister and head boy(Golding 22). After Ralph is elected Chief, Jack envies his position and constantly struggles for power with Ralph throughout the bear of the novel, convincing the rest of the boys to join his tribe rather than to stay with Ralph. Also, soon after the boys arrive at the island, piglet, a somatogenicly weak and vulnerable character, is mocked and jeered at by the other boys.After trying to recount all of the liluns names, shoat is told to Shut up, Fatty, by Jack Merridew. Ralph remarks by saying, Hes not Fatty. His real names Piggy. All of the boys on the island, except for Piggy, laugh and make themselves more comfortable at Piggys expense. A storm of laughter arose and even the tiniest child joined in. For a moment the boys were a c sufferd circuit of sympathy with Piggy outside. (Golding 21). The boys instinctively become more comfortable with one another after Piggys mockery and create a bond, leaving Piggy on the outside.While Jack and Ralph are exploring the island, they reckon a piglet which Jack supposedly attempts to kill. After gaining the courage to kill the vitiate pig, Jack rectifies the situation by saying I was just waiting for a moment to set where to stab him (Golding 31). This event clearly illustrates that along with inherent evil, man is also capable of being good and kind, and has to superior and free will to choose which one he will become. (Ridley 97) Jacks mercy is short-lived, however, and when they find out another pig, Jack and his hunters are relentless.They return to beach ritualistically chanting Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her line of merchandise, where they excitedly explain the details of the hunt. I cut the pigs throat, said Jack, proudly, and yet twitched as he said it (Golding 69). Jack is internally struggling amid his civilized teachings and savage instincts in this example, in which he both proudly ex requires his murder and twitches while doing so. Another example of the boys inherent evil is the brutal murder of the sow. Without any regard for the sows new born(p)s, Jack commands his tribe to attack it.The boys hurled themselves at her. This dreadful eruption from an u nknown world made her frantic she squealed and bucked and the air was full of sweat and resound and blood and terror (Golding 135). The beastistic behavior of the boys frightens the sow, and the reader as well. After the death of the sow, the boys play with its blood and ritualistically celebrate their kill. Jack giggled and flicked them while the boys laughed at his reeking palms. Then Jack grabbed Maurice and rubbed the stuff over his cheeks (Golding 135). The boys show no mercy for the sow and behave like savages.The murder of the sow allows the boys to revert back to their primary instincts (Garbarino 96) and lose all traces of guilt and conscience. In the novel, Ralph and Piggy flirt intelligence, reason, and a government. They also try to refrain from resorting back to their primitive instincts and use reason to try and convince the other boys to do the same. Which is better- to be a pack of painted Indians like you are, or to be sensible like Ralph is? (Golding 180) stat es Piggy. The boys crazed reaction to Piggys question illustrates Piggys point about the civility of himself and Ralph, compared to Jack and the rest of the tribe. many another(prenominal) times throughout the book, Piggy is the voice of reason and helps to guide Ralph along that same road if he loses his way. After scolding Samneric for being pessimistic about their fate, Ralph momentarily forgets the reasons why the show fire is so important. He tried to remember. Smoke, he said, we want smoke. Course we have. Cos the smokes a signal and we cant be rescued if we dont have smoke. I knew that Shouted Ralph (Golding 172). Ralph begins to lose his initial cheerfulness and enthusiasm and replaces it with disinterest and pessimism.Piggy and Ralph separate themselves from Jack and his tribe and continue to get their government. However, when Jack and his tribe kill a pig and invite Ralph and Piggy to join their feast, the both accept and cannot resist the temptation of the meat. Later on in the celebration, Jack and his tribe perform a ritualistic leap, in which Piggy and Ralph later join. Piggy and Ralph, under the threat of the sky, found themselves eager to go through a place in this demented but partly secure society (Golding 152). They realize that the dance fueled the boys to murder Simon, and later deny their participance in it.We left early, said Piggy quickly, because we were tired (Golding 158). Ralph and Piggy recognize the evil in the dance, and know that if the others found out about their participance in it, past the boys would claim that Piggy and Ralph would be going against their own beliefs. Also, by not admitting their partaking in the dance, Piggy and Ralph are denying their affaire in Simons murder and their inherent evil. They do not recall that evil exists within them and believe that it will disappear if they do not believe in it.Simon and Ralph represent goodness and reason, and both encounter the Lord of the Flies. The Lord of the Flies is the head of a pig which is sacrificially given to the beast in order to preserve the boys safety. Simon is the first to talk with the Lord of the Flies, and when he does, he learns that the beast (evil) is not in an animal out in the woods, but in the boys themselves. Fancy you thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill. You knew didnt you? Im part of you, (Golding 143) says the Lord of the Flies to Simon.The Lord of Flies says that the beast is not a physical manifestation that is in the form of an animal that can be hunted and killed, but resides inside the souls of the boys on the island. The Lord of the Flies even says that the Beast is part of Simon, the symbol of goodness, suggesting that all human beings are born with both some evil and goodness. Later on while Ralph is fleeing from Jack and his tribe, he stumbles upon the Lord of the Flies. atomic prickles of sensation ran up and down his back. The teeth grinned, the empty sockets seemed to hold his g aze masterfully and without effort (Golding 185). currently after, Ralph hits the pigs head and smashes it into pieces. By destroying the Lord of the Flies, Ralph denies his internal evil and primitive instincts. The difference between Ralphs and Simons encounter with the Lord of the Flies is that Simon accepts The Lord of the Flies and listens intently to what it is saying to him. However, Ralph destroys it and then walks away from it. Both Ralphs and Simons experience with the Lord of the Flies states that all men are capable of evil, and evil is inherent in all human beings, without exception. (Ridley 107) The Lord of the Flies illustrates the capabilities of evil in all things.All of the boys on the island are tempted by evil, but not all of them give in to the craving. However, along with the evil that lies within all people, there is also a tinge of goodness, suggesting that all people have the free will to choose their destiny. The boys struggle between their anarchic drivin g force, and Ego, their sense and rationale, represent the ongoing feud between good and evil and is both exciting and emotional. The Lord of the Flies is a superbly written novel that will remain in the hearts of all who read it, and touch all who encounter it, much like the evil which it describes.Work Cited Garbarino, Ph. D, James. Lost Boys Why Our Sonds Turn barbarian and How We Can Save Them. New York, NY The Free Press, 1999. Ridley, Matt. Nature Via Nurture. Great Britain Harper Collins Publishers Inc. , 2003. Neubauer, M. D. , Peter B,, and black lovage Neubauer. Natures Thumbprint. New Tork Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. , 1990. Burnham, Terry, and Jay Phelan. Mean Genes. Cambridge, MA Perseus Publishing, 2000. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. The Berkley Publishing Group.

It Is Difficult to Remain a Strong Sense of Identity in Our Society

English Speech Hi Im Maddy and Im here at once to relieve why I think that it IS difficult to maintain a steadfast sense of one-on-one identity in our society. Its quite often very difficult to maintain a strong sense of your individual identity in this society, its a natural instinct for most passel to want to feel acceptance into society. We all feel the need to heighten and leave the parts of us that make us who we are to conform to peoples expectations. Society has become a critical influence on who we are and how we are perceived.We stand never truly be our selves because of the constant attention criticism and judgement that comes with it. Everyone has something about them that makes them who they are but they feel they need to hide it from people because they headache of rejection and embarrassment. This fear can sometimes make us change how we act around certain people and we can end up forgetting who we are. In the book growing up Asian in Australia in that respec t is a story in there about a young boy named Sunil. He move to change his to Neil because its a more westernized name and he thinks it would make him fit in better.This is non the case. Changing your name wont change who you are as a person and personally I actually like the name Sunil better than Neil anyway. Sure changing your name might hitch some of the teasing but sooner or later you pull up stakes realise that you dont have to change who you are to gain friends. As Gandhi once said The best way to beat yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. I think this relates to Sunils story because he ends up realising that he doesnt need to change his name to be accepted.In the song This is who I am by genus Vanessa Amorosi it says Well its alright to be myself Now Ive Learned To Stand, Well its OK to be provided who I am Ive spent years real hating me longing to be friends Now I entrust that you can understand, this Is Who I Am. I think these lyrics are really p owerful and help explain the topic that Ive chosen to talk about. She explains that it took her years to realise who she was and that she was now okay to show eachone who she really is. I know from personal experience how intemperate it is to be yourself in this world.We get judged on every little thing we do, how we dress, what we say, how we present ourselves absolutely everything. Sometimes we speak differently or dress differently to sham the people that shouldnt matter to us, because if we have to spend hours in front of the mirror laborious to change our appearance and who we usually are then these people arent worth our time. Its so common in this day and age to marry someone for their looks or their wealth when really that shouldnt matter. They should fall in love with their personality, thats what matters the most.I think this is what makes us confused about who we are because we change so often around different people that its so hard to maintain our give identity. T his isnt always a bad thing sometimes losing our identity is actually good for us. It can make us open our eyes and see who our true friends are. It can make you see things from a different perspective and make you realise that lifes not about trying to impress people, its about accepting yourself and being whoever you want to be. In conclusion I believe that it IS hard to maintain our identity with todays society but when we learn to accept ourselves, hopefully others will too.

Unicef’s Efficiency in the World’s Global Struggles

UNICEF is a introduction-renowned organization that strives to give a voice to those who go unheard the pip-squeakren of the mankind. UNICEF or the unite Nations external emergency Fund was origin completelyy created in 1946, fol mortifieding terra firma War II, in an effort to provide assistance to the European children who faced starvation and disease. It was through these efforts that UNICEF began to beat itself as one of the nations leading advocacy groups for childrens rights. Then, in 1953, UNICEF was wedded permanent status by the General Assembly. UNICEF made its mark by assisting the U. N.Commission on Human Rights in the creation of the prescript on the Rights of the squirt in 1959, which en au thenticd a childs right to shelter, education, healthc atomic number 18, and security system. In 1965, UNICEF added to their ever-growing list of accolades with the Nobel Peace look on in 1965 for the promotion of brformer(a)hood among nations. Following this, the organi zation began to devote its time to promoting proper medication and sanitisation for children cosmeawide. These efforts included encouraging women to breastfeed their children, promoting a breast milk substitute, and helping children obtain proper vaccinations.Throughout their historic period of service, UNICEF has grown to serve over 190 countries and has developed focus argonas to ensure child survival and t severallying, primary education and gender equality, child protection, and HIV/AIDS prevention in children. Each countrys UNICEF office carries out the organizations missions and objectives with help from its government, with its regional offices offering assistance whenever it is needed. The head management of UNICEF and its overall(a) nerve reside in the organizations main office in New York.UNICEF has 36 National Committees, which promote the rights of children end-to-end the man and raises national awareness of issues related to the protection of human rights for c hildren. The Committees as well as collects funds and develops partnerships and affiliations of UNICEF with other organizations and institutions rough the globe. All the work and programs of UNICEF are monitored by a 36 member Executive panel. The Executive Board ultimately controls the financial basis of the organization, and reviews its policies and procedures.The Board is elected by members of the unite Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and generally serve three terms. UNICEF focuses on making sure children survive their adolescent years and develop into modern adults. This is an extremely difficult task due to all the diseases that onus children in comminuted developed countries. spot diseases such as malaria and pneumonia will kill millions and millions of untried children, these diseases are preventable. all over half of the millions of children that die off from these diseases are preventable.UNICEF is using its research and funding to develop low cos t innovative technologies to produce vaccines and antibiotics to these developing countries to ensure children great deal live a full and healthy life. In addition, UNICEF tries to ensure that children pick up access to staple fibre education so that children can learn about these preventable diseases, along with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. exclusively implementing organizations which channel primary nurture to these children can be a successful tool in ensuring that these young children live a healthier and safer life.Education is a human right which every child should be prone the right to, and UNICEF is making strides toward achieving this goal. Not unaccompanied does UNICEF work to facilitate childrens knowledge and learning, but it besides works to develop a preventative environment for children as well. Hundreds of children in the dry land face ontogeny and are subject to violence. Whether it be exploitation from the labor force or institutions, to brutality and abuse f rom deviation within communities, children need some form of protection in society.Children prepare the right to survival and ontogenesis, and UNICEF advocates for protective measures in governments to provide a safe environment for children. Responses taken by UNICEF towards the fight against child protection include the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Millennium Declaration. These solvents taken by UNICEF use legal systems and a given set of standards that governments must respect with regards to the human rights of its children and citizens. The governments and individuals of states cannot take away or violate the rights of its people.The Convention on the Rights of the Child is an important measure towards UNICEFs fight against child protection. The principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child are legally binding, making it unlawful if a state does not adhere to its protocols. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first legally binding interna tional instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights. Governments of states have now taken responsibility to guarantee and protect childrens rights.National governments are obligated to implement all the policies and standards of the convention, and must be accountable for their actions if there are cases of childrens rights being disregarded. The convention covers all the basic human rights from the right to survival and protection from violence to the right of a child to grow and develop. UNICEF stigmas sure that there are standards being met with regards to education, health care and other legal and social services, and that governments are committing to these efforts.UNICEF makes it piss that violence against children is not justifiable, and states must implement and uphold policies and programs to insure the safety and nonviolence among children. This reassures the binding principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which acknowledges that states have the obligation to ensure account exponent in all cases of violence. The UNICEFs worldwide efforts and first mensuration to elevate the status of children and give them a voice is a detrimental part of improving the world as a whole.Children are the key to the future. The children of today are going to be tomorrows leaders and important figures. Also, in order to fight and reduce the conditions of exiguity in the world, children should be looked upon as the first step. Poverty is the root cause of children being denied their rights as a human. Poverty leads to a less protective childhood environment, and less resources for education and health concerns. It hinders the ability of a child to grow and develop.In the end, poverty is transmitted from one generation to the next. If there are any intentions of breaking the increasing sequence of poverty, then coronations by governments and other private sectors must spent towards childrens health, education and overall development. Inves ting in the health and safety of the worlds youth can lead to great returns in the future. In the end, the decline of world poverty starts by implementing standards and institutions for the well being of the nations youth.The tasks and goals of UNICEF cover an enormous focus ranging from child education and equality, to child protection and development. These issues entail many programs and much funding, which is why UNICEF is closely connected to many other organizations. another(prenominal) organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agricultural Organization, The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, and the planetary Labour Organization are some of the many organizations which are closely connected to UNICEF.These organizations all total together to tackle numerous issues such as disease control, better education and nutritional practices, implementing children eudaemonia services, providing food and health to areas in the dev eloping world and many other functions. UNICEF teams up with numerous other organizations to offer humanitarian precaution and development to assist children in impoverished countries. UNICEF also works with the International Red Cross on emergency respite assignments in places like Cambodia which has experienced a home(prenominal) upheaval , as well as working to make child rights constitutional in Brazil.UNICEF partners with United Nation agencies and governments to provide support and assistance to children during emergency conditions. During the first weeks of crisis, UNICEF works to assess the situation that children and women are experiencing, provide necessary immunizations and nutrition, support mother-child feeding and monitoring, provide sanitary and safe drinking water, prevent intimate abuse and exploitation, and resume education. In order to facilitate proper assistance, UNICEF has set up an Office of Emergency Programmes (EMPOS), which coordinates UNICEFs partnershi p with other agencies, and provides staff support.Within the EMPOS resides UNICEFs Operations Centre which serves as a 24-7 information gathering center in order supervise staff, monitor world events, and insure safety of all UNICEF members. UNICEF has successfully provided humanitarian aid and helped improve the welfare of children all around the world. For instance, UNICEF has helped keep peace in Sri Lanka musical composition educating the youth. While Sri Lanka suffered civil war and violence for over a decade, the UNICEF helped to educate children non-violent ways to work conflicts and disputes by launching the Education for Conflict Resolution.UNICEF trained principles, teachers and pupils to use innovative techniques to emphasize passivity and nonviolence. In addition, UNICEF aided in achieving community-based health care in Indonesia. In 1973, Indonesia suffered from more than than 10 million of its children at a lower place five years-old being undernourished. UNICEF co untered this epidemic by supplying Indonesia with nutritional first aid packages for the villages, which provided scales to weigh babies as well as rehydration salts and iron supplements. A network of village health posts were formed, here mother could direct their infants for nourishment or go to meetings and receive important information regarding the health of their children. This is much like vex Centres, which were created under UNICEF in Central and Eastern Europe. This provides woman with a social network to communicate and gage with issues such as poverty. It also provided education to girls and mothers regarding health concerns and gender discrimination. However, UNICEF has also encountered efforts that proved to be unsuccessful.For example, while providing humanitarian aid to the people of Sudan during the civil war, the agency poorly managed the aid operation. UNICEF offered aid to the Sudan people, but failed to make sure the aid was distributed to the Sudan populatio n. As a resolution, corrupt officials were taking most of the aid, leaving the people and children with little to no resources. Weak management of this massive relief operation led to an unsuccessful distribution of aid for the citizens of Sudan.With all the focus and aid the UNICEF provided among its universal operations, sufficient funding was a key component to its success. The calculate of UNICEF was provided primarily through government contributions and donations, along with private donations from numerous interest groups. However, without U. S. involvement and funding, UNICEF would not be as successful as it is today. The United States generous contributions to UNICEF portrays the United States worldwide investment in children.Within the last fiscal year (2009), the United States Congress voluntarily contributed 130 million to UNICEF, which is faultfinding to UNICEFs budget. The U. S. fund for UNICEF consisted of just about a million individual donors along with other orga nizations and well-know businesses providing contributions to the fund. With the United States advocacy and large funding of UNICEF, it allows the organization improve its measures of child survival and development internationally throughout the world.Since its conception in 1946 UNICEF has consistently ranked among the worlds strongest charitable organizations. Over these past decades UNICEF has established one of the top off charitable business pretenses. In 2008 UNICEF reported total revenues at $453,900,000 yet its administrative and fundraising expenses were less than $42,000,000 thus allowing UNICEF to spend over $400,000,000 on its various international relief efforts. Unlike other charities that face administrative and technical walls, UNICEF is able to use $. 90 of every sawhorse raised on the worlds most desperate children.In addition to its preeminent business model UNICEF has also perfected its fundraising techniques spending only six cents per every dollar raised. As a result of its successful fundraising and financial planning UNICEF received top ratings for its efficiency and organization. While UNICEF maintains itself as a top charity its greatest strength lies within its ability to castrate. Unfortunately the disasters of the world rarely come with a warning thus requiring organizations to create effective and rapid response programs for such things as natural disasters and wars.Emergency response has give way one of UNICEFs greatest strengths and it has become a world leader in the development of newer, more effective response strategies. UNICEF has also been able to successfully change with the tide of power throughout the worlds hotspots which tend to be the most desperate. UNICEF, because of its connection with the United Nations, has been able to maintain regional offices and treatment centers throughout Africa, the Middle East, and Southeastern Asia. Since 1946 UNICEF has been a constant light for the children of the world.It has es tablished itself as on the top international charities. As a result of its concrete business model, efficient fundraising, and ability to change UNICEF will undoubtedly continue to provide relief for all children in need. UNICEFs success has also created some drawbacks that should be expected with an ever-growing organization. UNICEFs success has led it towards a results-based management style. Results-based management can be inefficient for it only cares about the bottom line and not necessarily about the room to get the bottom line.This can lead to such inefficiencies as over-spending and a lack of precision in order to get things done quicker. In addition, due to UNICEFs size, it has become a victim of the bureaucratism and the complexities of a large corporation. Time and money is frequently wasted on simple internal processes that become complex due to a drawn out power structure. UNICEFs weaknesses lie within its ability to grow. Like any private or government institution UNI CEF must continue to adapt and rise to the constant changes occurring in the 21st century.While conditions are improving for children, there are still millions of children dying each day, especially in areas of the world where there is insufficient leaderships. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one of the worlds conquer catastrophe, and some feel that UNICEF has done enough work to help the countries in Africa that are greatly effect by it. Wendy McElroy, who believes UNICEFs focus is all wrong, contributes some of its failures to the fact that UNICEF leaders always tend to be American.This, she states, tends to result in the organization to convey and lean towards American interest. However, UNICEFs strong organization and hybridise record will undoubtedly aid itself in correcting its flaws in the coming years. UNICEF has agencies in more than cl developing countries with the goal of helping children survive and reach their adolescent years. It looks to implement programs and policies to overcome the everyday obstacles that children is the world struggle to overcome, ranging from discrimination, violence, inequality, poverty and disease.UNICEF has made fundamental strides in child survival and development with the use of low cost health programs, resulting in child deaths being reduced by 20 percent in the last three years. Also, UNICEF is the world leader in vaccine supply and immunization, helping to protect the worlds youth from preventable diseases. This alone has helped to prevent the deaths of more than 2 million children in the world each year. The promotion of basic education is also a detrimental aspect of UNICEF.UNICEF has helped Afghanistan build more than three thousand schools to educate more than 140,000 children. These are just a few examples of UNICEFs policies that have helped save millions of childrens lives. However, even with UNICEFs aid and successes, more than an estimated 9. 2 million children will die this year, many due to preventable diseas es. UNICEF has taken significant measures to shed light upon the issues that effect not only children, but many others throughout the world. This alone has brought about change to millions who suffer in the world today.Protecting the worlds youth who do not have the ability to help themselves is a key step in maintaining a bright and prosperous future, since todays youth are tomorrows leaders. The vision and goals of UNICEF have stayed consistent since its formation in 1946, always striving towards helping reduce hunger, increase vaccinations and treatments, and ultimately protect the rights of children. UNICEF is in no way a perfect organization, but its policies and programs have constructed a world in which children can further develop into the leaders of tomorrow.